Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work Module 9 Policy Planning and Implementation Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House London SW1Y 5HX UNITED KINGDOM © Commonwealth Secretariat, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher. The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the opinion or the policy of the Commonwealth Secretariat. Wherever possible, the Commonwealth Secretariat uses paper sourced from sustainable forests, or from sources that minimise the destructive impact on the environment. Copies of this publication may be obtained from: Commonwealth Youth Programme Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HX UNITED KINGDOM Tel: +44 20 7747 6462/6456 Fax: +44 20 7747 6549 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http//www.thecommonwealth.org/cyp CYP Africa Regional Centre CYP Asia Regional Centre University of Zambia Sector 12 (PEC Campus) Great East Road Chandigarh - 160012 P O Box 30190 INDIA Lusaka Tel: +91 172 2744482/2744463/274182 ZAMBIA Fax: +91 172 2745426/2744902 Tel: +260-1-252733/252153/294102 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +260-1-253698 E-mail: [email protected] CYP Caribbean Regional Centre CYP Pacific Centre Homestretch Avenue Lower Panatina Campus D’Urban Park P O Box 1681 P O Box 101063 Honiara Georgetown SOLOMON ISLANDS GUYANA Tel: +677-38374/5/6 Tel: +592-2-268565 Fax: +677-38377 Fax: +592-2-268371 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 2 Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work Module 9: Policy Planning and Implementation The Commonwealth Youth Programme’s Mission CYP works to engage and empower young people (aged 15–29) to enhance their contribution to development. We do this in partnership with young people, governments and other key stakeholders. Our mission is grounded within a rights-based approach, guided by the realities facing young people in the Commonwealth, and anchored in the belief that young people are: • a force for peace, democracy, equality and good governance, • a catalyst for global consensus building, and • an essential resource for poverty eradication and sustainable development. Acknowledgments The Module Writers Module 1 Dr G Gunawardena – Sri Lanka Module 8 R K Mani – India Module 2 Lincoln Williams – Jamaica Module 9 Teorongonui Keelan – Aotearoa/New Zealand Module 3 Louise King – Australia Module 10 Dr P Kumar – India Module 4 Peta-Anne Baker – Jamaica Module 11 Steven Cordeiro – Australia Module 5 Dr Mable Milimo – Zambia Module 12 Dr M Macwan’gi – Zambia Module 6 Morag Humble – Canada Module 13 Paulette Bynoe – Guyana Module 7 Anso Kellerman – South Africa The CYP Instructional Design Team Original version 2007 revision Project manager Sid Verber – UK Senior ID Melanie Guile and Candi Westney – Catherine Atthill – UK Australia Module 1 Hilmah Mollomb – Solomon Is Catherine Atthill – UK Module 2 Ermina Osoba/RMIT – Antigua Catherine Atthill – UK Module 3 Candi Westney – Australia Rosario Passos – Canada Module 4 Rosaline Corbin – Barbados Julie Hamilton – Canada Module 5 Judith Kamau – Botswana Catherine Atthill – UK Module 6 Dr Turiman Suandi – Malaysia Chris Joynes – UK Module 7 Evelyn Nonyongo – South Africa Evelyn Nonyongo – South Africa Module 8 Melanie Guile – Australia Chris Joynes – UK Module 9 Irene Paulsen – Solomon Is Rosario Passos – Canada Module 10 Prof Prabha Chawla – India, Rosario Passos – Canada and Suzi Hewlett – Australia Module 11 Melanie Guile – Australia Rosario Passos – Canada Module 12 Dr R Siaciwena – Zambia Dr R Siaciwena – Zambia Module 13 Lynette Anderson – Guyana Chris Joynes – UK Tutor manual Martin Notley / Lew Owen / Catherine Atthill – UK Thomas Abraham / David Maunders Typesetters Klara Coco – Australia Decent Typesetting – UK Editors Lew Owen / Paulette Bynoe Lyn Ward – UK Tina Johnson - USA Proofreader RMIT Andrew Robertson The University of Huddersfield for the Curriculum Framework Document and the Editorial work on the module content – Martin Notley and Lew Owen. Pan-Commonwealth consultant in development of the CYP Diploma – Martin Notley. The Commonwealth of Learning for the provision of technical advice and expertise throughout the process. Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work 3 Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work The CYP Regional Centres and the following institutions for conducting the Regional Reviews: • CYP Africa Centre; Adult Learning Distance Education Centre, Seychelles; Makerere University, Uganda; Management Development Institute, The Gambia; Open University of Tanzania; The Namibian College of Open Learning; National University of Lesotho; University of Abuja, Nigeria; University of Botswana; University of Ghana; University of Malawi; University of Nairobi, Kenya; University of Sierra Leone, Fourah Bay College; University of South Africa; Zambia Insurance Business College Trust. • CYP Asia Centre; Allama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan; Annamalai University, India; Bangladesh Open University; Indira Gandhi National Open University, India; Open University of Sri Lanka; SNDT Women’s University, India; Universiti Putra Malaysia. • CYP Caribbean Centre; University of Guyana; University of the West Indies. • CPY Pacific Centre; Papua New Guinea Institute of Public Administration; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia; Solomon Islands College of Higher Education; University of the South Pacific, Fiji Islands. Graphic Art – Decent Typesetting. Final Module review – Magna Aidoo, Lew Owen, Paulette Bynoe. Guy Forster for the module cover designs. The CYP Youth Work Education and Training (YWET) Team PCO Adviser: Youth Development YWET PACIFIC Cristal de Saldanha Stainbank Jeff Bost Tony Coghlan YWET Pan-Commonwealth Office Sharlene Gardiner Jane Foster Suzi Hewlett Tina Ho Irene Paulsen Omowumi Ovie-Afabor Fatiha Serour Pan-Commonwealth Quality Assurance Team Andrew Simmons (PCQAT) Nancy Spence Africa Eleni Stamiris Joseph Ayee Ignatius Takawira Linda Cornwell Clara Fayorsey YWET AFRICA Ann Harris Yinka Aganga-Williams Helen Jones Gilbert Kamanga Fred Mutesa Richard Mkandawire Asia Valencia Mogegeh Thomas Chirayil Abraham James Odit Shamsuddin Ahmed Vinayak Dalvie YWET ASIA Bhuddi Weerasinghe Seela Ebert Caribbean Raj Mishra Mark Kirton Bagbhan Prakash Stella Odie-Ali Saraswathy Rajagopal Carolyn Rolle Raka Rashid Pacific Rajan Welukar Robyn Broadbent Ron Crocombe YWET CARIBBEAN David Maunders Armstrong Alexis Sina Va’ai Heather Anderson Henry Charles YWET Evaluators and Consultants Kala Dowlath Chandu Christian Ivan Henry Dennis Irvine Glenyss James Oscar Musandu-Nyamayaro Richard Wah YWET PACIFIC Afu Billy Sushil Ram 4 Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work Module contents Module overview.......................................................... 7 Unit 1: What is policy? ............................................... 19 Unit 2: Defining social / welfare policy....................... 33 Unit 3: What are welfare services? .............................. 61 Unit 4: Nature and scope of youth policy.................... 89 Unit 5: Youth policy and the wider policy environment .................................................109 Unit 6: Success and failure.........................................127 Summary ..................................................................143 Assignment ...............................................................150 Readings ...................................................................151 Module overview Introduction ................................................................. 9 Module learning outcomes ......................................... 10 About this module...................................................... 11 Assessment ................................................................ 13 Learning tips .............................................................. 15 Studying at a distance................................................. 17 If you need help ......................................................... 18 Module 9: Policy Planning and Implementation Introduction Welcome to Policy Planning and Implementation, which is Module 9 of the Diploma in Youth Development Work. This module will enable you to develop the skills required to investigate, analyse and influence the policy-making processes that shape welfare services, particularly those that directly affect the quality of young people’s lives. It will focus in particular on the nature and scope of youth policy – the common themes that underpin national youth policies and the characteristic tensions within such policies. The relationship between youth policies and the wider policy environment will be considered. The module will also look at the criteria for success or failure of youth policies and the evaluation of their outcomes. Some of the content of this module is based on the work of Michael Hill, more specifically on his book Understanding Social Policy. This book, particularly chapter 2, is highly recommended if available as a study text, but not essential. Module overview 9 Commonwealth Youth Programme Diploma in Youth Development Work Module learning outcomes Learning outcomes are statements that tell you what knowledge