National Science Board | Science & Engineering Indicators 2016 2 | 1 Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering Table of Contents Highlights ...................................................................................................................................... 2-4 Characteristics of the U.S. Higher Education System .................................................................... 2-4 Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees ..................................................................... 2-5 Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees ............................................................................. 2-6 International S&E Higher Education ............................................................................................ 2-7 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2-9 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................................... 2-9 Chapter Organization ............................................................................................................... 2-9 The U.S. Higher Education System ............................................................................................... 2-10 Institutions Providing S&E Education ........................................................................................ 2-10 Trends in Higher Education Expenditures and Revenues .............................................................. 2-20 Financing Higher Education ..................................................................................................... 2-29 Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States ..................................... 2-39 Undergraduate Enrollment in the United States .......................................................................... 2-39 Undergraduate Degree Awards ................................................................................................ 2-50 Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States .............................................. 2-58 Graduate Enrollment by Field .................................................................................................. 2-58 S&E Master's Degrees ............................................................................................................ 2-61 S&E Doctoral Degrees ............................................................................................................ 2-65 International S&E Higher Education ............................................................................................. 2-80 Higher Education Expenditures ................................................................................................ 2-80 Educational Attainment ........................................................................................................... 2-81 First University Degrees in S&E Fields ....................................................................................... 2-83 S&E First University Degrees by Sex ......................................................................................... 2-85 Global Comparison of S&E Doctoral Degrees .............................................................................. 2-86 Global Student Mobility ........................................................................................................... 2-88 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 2-95 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 2-96 References ................................................................................................................................... 2-97 List of Sidebars Carnegie Classification of Academic Institutions .................................................................................. 2-11 Attrition in STEM Fields .................................................................................................................... 2-43 Retention of Women in Computer Sciences Programs ........................................................................... 2-53 Trends in Higher Education in Asia .................................................................................................... 2-80 List of Tables Table 2-1. Degree-granting institutions, by control and highest degree awarded: 2013–14 ....................... 2-10 Table 2-2. Degree awards, by degree level and institutional control: 2013 .............................................. 2-11 National Science Board | Science & Engineering Indicators 2016 2 | 2 Table 2-3. U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients whose baccalaureate origin is a high Hispanic enrollment institution, by ethnicity and race: 2009–13 ............................................................ 2-13 Table 2-4. U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients whose baccalaureate origin is an HBCU, by ethnicity and race: 2009–13 ........................................................................................................ 2-13 Table 2-5. U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients who reported earning college credit from a community or 2-year college, by ethnicity and race: 2009–13 ..................................................... 2-14 Table 2-6. Community college attendance among recent recipients of S&E degrees, by sex, race, ethnicity, citizenship status, and parents' education level: 2013 .......................................................................... 2-15 Table 2-7. Enrollment in Title IV institutions, by distance education enrollment status, control, and level of institution: Fall 2012 ....................................................................................................................... 2-18 Table 2-8. Net tuition and fees for full-time undergraduate students by institutional control: 2009–10 through 2014–15 ........................................................................................................................................ 2-29 Table 2-9. Net tuition and fees for dependent undergraduates attending college or university full time for a full year, by family income quartiles, type of institution, and Carnegie classification: 1999–2000 and 2011–12 .... 2- 30 Table 2-10. Primary support mechanisms for S&E doctorate recipients, by 2010 Carnegie classification of doctorate-granting institution: 2013 .................................................................................................. 2-36 Table 2-11. International students enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by broad field and academic level: 2008–14 ............................................................................................................................... 2-49 Table 2-12. Median number of years from entering graduate school to receipt of S&E doctorate, by 2010 Carnegie classification of doctorate-granting institution: 1998–2013 ...................................................... 2-66 Table 2-13. Recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates on temporary visas, by country/economy of origin: 1993–2013 .. 2-72 Table 2-14. Asian recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates on temporary visas, by field and country/economy of origin: 1993–2013 .................................................................................................................................... 2-72 Table 2-15. European recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates on temporary visas, by field and region/country of origin: 1993–2013 .......................................................................................................................... 2-74 Table 2-16. North American, South American, and Middle Eastern recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates, by field and region/country of origin: 1993–2013 ................................................................................................. 2-78 List of Figures Figure 2-1. Selected average revenues and expenditures at public very high research universities: 1987–2012 .. 2-22 Figure 2-2. Average expenditures per FTE on research at public and private very high research universities: 1987–2012 .................................................................................................................................... 2-23 Figure 2-3. Average expenditures per FTE on instruction at public and private very high research universities: 1987–2012 .................................................................................................................................... 2-24 Figure 2-4. Selected average revenues and expenditures at public 4-year and other postsecondary institutions: 1987–2012 .................................................................................................................................... 2-26 Figure 2-5. Selected average revenues and expenditures at community colleges: 1987–2012 ................... 2-28 Figure 2-6. Full-time S&E graduate students, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2013 ................ 2-33 Figure 2-7. Full-time S&E graduate students with primary support from federal government, by field: 2013 ... 2- 34 Figure 2-8. Full-time S&E graduate students, by source of primary support: 1998–2013 ........................... 2-35 Figure