Haida Governance Strategies for Effective Ecosystem-based Management: A Critical Literature Review by Jacqueline Y. Mays B.A., Vancouver Island University, 2015 M.P.A., University of Victoria, 2021 A Master’s Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in the School of Public Administration ©Jacqueline Y. Mays, 2021 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................................i List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................iv Table of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Note on Terminology ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Summary........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Project Objectives and Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Organization of Report ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.0 Background ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Borders in Globalization ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Historical Context ............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Linking Indigenous Self-governance to the Canadian Constitution .................................................................. 18 2.4 Provisions for Indigenous Self-Determination .................................................................................................. 19 2.5 Collaborative Management ............................................................................................................................... 20 2.5.1 Co-Management between states ................................................................................................................. 20 2.5.2 Co-Management and Indigenous Nations ................................................................................................... 21 2.6 The Haida First Nation ...................................................................................................................................... 22 2.7 Legal Proceedings Relevant to the Haida Nation .............................................................................................. 23 2.7.1 Calder v. Attorney General of British Columbia (1973) ............................................................................. 23 2.7.2 R. v. Sparrow (1990) .................................................................................................................................. 23 2.7.3 R. v. Van der Peet (1996) ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.7.4 R. v. Gladstone (1996) ................................................................................................................................ 24 2.7.5 Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997) ................................................................................................... 24 2.7.6 Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) [2004] ................................................................. 24 2.7.7 Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia (2014) ........................................................................................... 25 3.0 Research Methodology and Methods .................................................................................................................... 26 [i] 3.1 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Jurisdictional Scan............................................................................................................................................. 26 3.3 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Strengths and Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 27 4.0 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................................. 28 4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Review of the Literature: 1980 to 1992 ............................................................................................................. 29 4.2.1 Strategies for Self-determination and Dispute Resolution .......................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Treatment of Borders .................................................................................................................................. 30 4.2.3 Mitigation of Risks and Lessons Learned ................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Review of the Literature: 1993 to 2003 ............................................................................................................. 31 4.3.1 Strategies for Self-determination and Dispute Resolution .......................................................................... 31 4.3.2 Government Treatment of Haida Borders ................................................................................................... 32 4.3.3 Mitigation of Risks and Lessons Learned ................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Review of the Literature: 2004 to 2009 ............................................................................................................. 32 4.4.1 Strategies for Self-determination and Dispute Resolution .......................................................................... 32 4.4.2 government Treatment of Haida Borders.................................................................................................... 33 4.4.3 Mitigation of Risks and Lessons Learned ................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Review of the Literature: 2010 to 2014 ............................................................................................................. 34 4.5.1 Strategies for Self-determination and Dispute Resolution .......................................................................... 34 4.5.2 Government Treatment of Haida Borders ................................................................................................... 35 4.5.3 Lessons Learned ......................................................................................................................................... 36 4.6 Review of the Literature: 2015 to 2019 ............................................................................................................. 37 4.6.1 Strategies for Self-Determination ............................................................................................................... 37 4.6.2 Resolving Disputes with Government .......................................................................................................