The Building ElectrificationThe Building TechnologyElectrification RoadmapTechnology (BETR) A BETR Path to Decarbonization forRoadmap California Efficiency Programs (BETR) TechnicalA BETR status, Path barriers, to Decarbonization and paths to advancing electrification technologies infor residential California and commercial Efficiency buildings. Programs Technical status, barriers, and paths to advancing electrification technologies in residential and commercial buildings. Prepared By: Alexi Miller and Cathy Higgins New Buildings Institute January 2021 In Partnership with With Sponsorship From: i New Buildings Institute | The Building Electrification Technology Roadmap (BETR) Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Why Building Electrification ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. A Green Grid is Not Enough ................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Equitable Electrification ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. About The BETR ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1. Cost References ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2. BETR Framework ............................................................................................................................... 7 2. Roadmap Methodology .......................................................................................... 10 2.1. Technologies and Characterization Methodology .......................................................................... 10 2.1.1. Scoring Parameters .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Scoring Sources and Methodology .................................................................................................. 15 2.1.3. International Product Search ............................................................................................................ 16 2.2. Framework for Roadblocks and Recommendations ...................................................................... 16 3. Space Heating ......................................................................................................... 18 3.1. Impact and Importance ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.2. Technology Status ............................................................................................................................. 20 3.2.1. Status Summary ............................................................................................................................... 23 3.3. Roadblocks and Recommendations ................................................................................................ 27 3.3.1. Roadblocks ....................................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 30 3.3.3. Space Heating Roadmap Summary ................................................................................................. 33 3.3.4. Space Heating Roadmap at a Glance .............................................................................................. 35 4. Water Heating ......................................................................................................... 37 4.1. Impact and Importance ...................................................................................................................... 37 4.2. Technology Status ............................................................................................................................. 39 4.2.1. Status Summary ............................................................................................................................... 43 4.3. Roadblocks and Recommendations ................................................................................................ 45 4.3.1. Roadblocks ....................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 48 4.3.3. Water Heating Roadmap Summary ................................................................................................. 52 4.3.4. Water Heating Roadmap at a Glance .............................................................................................. 53 5. Cooking ................................................................................................................... 55 5.1. Impact and Importance ...................................................................................................................... 55 5.2. Technology Status ............................................................................................................................. 56 ii New Buildings Institute | The Building Electrification Technology Roadmap (BETR) 5.2.1. Introducing Induction ........................................................................................................................ 57 5.2.2. Status Summary ............................................................................................................................... 59 5.3. Roadblocks and Recommendations ................................................................................................ 60 5.3.1. Roadblocks ....................................................................................................................................... 60 5.3.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 61 5.3.3. Cooking Roadmap Summary ........................................................................................................... 61 5.3.4. Cooking Roadmap at a Glance ........................................................................................................ 64 6. Clothes Drying and Laundry ................................................................................. 65 6.1. Impact and Importance ...................................................................................................................... 65 6.2. Technology Status ............................................................................................................................. 65 6.2.1. Status Summary ............................................................................................................................... 67 6.3. Roadblocks and Recommendations ................................................................................................ 68 6.3.1. Roadblocks ....................................................................................................................................... 68 6.3.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 68 6.3.3. Clothes Drying and Laundry Roadmap Summary ............................................................................ 69 6.3.4. Clothes Drying and Laundry Roadmap at a Glance ......................................................................... 71 7. Refrigerant and Grid Factors ................................................................................. 72 7.1. Refrigerants: A Major Player in Emissions Reductions ................................................................. 72 7.2. Building-Grid Integration and Controls: A Decarbonization Enabler ........................................... 75 8. Residential Packages and Impacts ....................................................................... 77 8.1. Single-Family Homes ......................................................................................................................... 78 8.2. Multifamily Housing Units ................................................................................................................. 82 9. Conclusions and Commonalities .......................................................................... 86 9.1. Commonalities .................................................................................................................................... 88 9.1.1. The Sooner the BETR ...................................................................................................................... 90 9.2. Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 91 Appendices .................................................................................................................... 1 The Matrix and Technology Assessment Graphics (TAG) Tool ............................................................. 1 Resources on Electrification