PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN (PTD) IN THE PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS A PtD Sourcebook for Construction Site Safety By: John Gambatese, PhD, PE(CA) School of Civil and Construction Engineering Oregon State University January 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The content contained in this document was developed in part with funding provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Appreciation is given to NIOSH for its continued support for improving occupational safety and health, and specifically for its leadership in the area of prevention through design (PtD). The author would also like to acknowledge and thank the many people who contributed case studies, figures, checklists, design examples, and other content that are included in the document: Jonathan Bach, Michael Behm, Eli Bintner, Nick Blismas, Shon DeVries, Kelvin Genn, Alistair Gibb, Brad Giles, Jordan Hollingsworth, Mike Keyes, Jeff Langfeldt, Helen Lingard, Franko Martinec, Paul Muller, Sathy Rajendran, Frank Renshaw, Nathalie Robert, Alan Speegle, Jason Timmerman, Michael Toole, and Nicholas Tymvios. Their contributions to this resource are invaluable and appreciated. In addition, the author would like to acknowledge and thank those listed above and the many people, both in industry and academia, who have contributed to the PtD topic, research, education, and practice over the years. All of the discussions, papers, presentations, emails, workshops, and other resources and activities have provided a foundation for this document and contribute to our understanding and implementation of PtD in the construction industry. The names of everyone are too many to list, yet their contributions and dedication to sharing are invaluable to the industry and to safety on construction sites. DEDICATION This document is dedicated to those workers who have been injured or lost their lives while working on construction projects and to those individuals who bestow their personal and professional lives to improving safety on construction sites. Our work is dedicated to preventing additional worker injuries and fatalities, finding and implementing new ways to further improve safety, and educating others how they can play a role in enhancing safety on construction sites. i Prevention through Design (PtD) in the Project Delivery Process Table of Contents PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... vi 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 What is Prevention through Design (PtD) ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Why Implement PtD? .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Key PtD Components and Considerations ................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Hierarchy of Controls ................................................................................................................ 5 1.2.2 Management Commitment ........................................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 Project Owner Involvement and Buy-in ..................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Collaboration and Involvement .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.5 PtD and Innovation .................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Important Steps for PtD Implementation ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 Barriers to PtD Implementation ..................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Enablers of PtD Implementation ................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Resources and Tools .................................................................................................................. 10 1.6.1 Design Review Checklists ....................................................................................................... 10 1.6.2 Example PtD Processes ......................................................................................................... 10 1.6.3 Risk Assessment Pro Forma ................................................................................................... 10 1.6.4 Computer Visualization and 4D-CAD Systems ....................................................................... 10 1.6.5 Database of Safe Designs ...................................................................................................... 10 1.6.6 Lessons Learned Databases .................................................................................................. 11 1.6.7 Design Risk Calculators .......................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Impacts of PtD in Construction .................................................................................................... 11 1.8 Additional References and Resources ........................................................................................ 11 2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.0 What is Conceptual Design? ....................................................................................................... 13 2.1 PtD in Conceptual Design ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Key PtD Components and Considerations during Conceptual Design ....................................... 14 2.2.1 Essential Activities to Start the Process .................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Contractor Input....................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Designer Selection .................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.4 PtD and Sustainability ............................................................................................................. 15 2.3 Resources and Tools .................................................................................................................. 16 ii 2.3.1 Project-specific PtD Policy ...................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 PtD Program and Process ...................................................................................................... 1 6 2.3.3 PtD Standards and Technical Reports .................................................................................... 18 2.3.4 PtD in Green/Sustainability Rating Systems ........................................................................... 18 2.3.5 Benefit-Cost Model .................................................................................................................. 19 2.3.6 Design Review Checklists ....................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Additional References and Resources ........................................................................................ 19 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 20 3.0 What is Preliminary Design? ....................................................................................................... 20 3.1 PtD in Preliminary Design ........................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Key PtD Components and Considerations during Preliminary Design ....................................... 21 3.2.1 Level of Review ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2 Focus of Review ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Resources and Tools .................................................................................................................. 22 3.3.1 Review Process using Guidewords......................................................................................... 22 3.3.2 Risk Assessment Processes and Pro-Forma ......................................................................... 22 3.3.3 Multi-attribute Decision Tools .................................................................................................. 23 3.3.4 Benefit-cost Model .................................................................................................................. 24 3.3.5 Design Review Checklists ....................................................................................................... 24 4 DETAILED DESIGN ............................................................................................................................. 25 4.0 What is Detailed Design? ...........................................................................................................