Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd i 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:23:15:23 PMPM Handbook of Oriental Studies SECTION FOUR China Edited by Stephen F. Teiser Martin Kern Timothy Brook VOLUME 23/1 DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd iiii 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:24:15:24 PMPM Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods By Kenneth Dean and Zheng Zhenman LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd iiiiii 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:24:15:24 PMPM ! is book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 0169-9520 ISBN 978 90 04 17602 7 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, ! e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijho" Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to ! e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. #$%&'() %& '*( &('*($+,&)- DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd iviv 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:24:15:24 PMPM ! is book is dedicated to the villagers of Putian, who greeted us in thousands of village temples with great courtesy and enthusiasm, and whose joy and pride in their local history, ritual traditions and com- munity celebrations is an inspiration. DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd v 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:24:15:24 PMPM DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd vivi 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:25:15:25 PMPM CONTENTS List of Maps, Images, and Tables ................................................... ix Timeline of Chinese Dynasties ........................................................ xiii Acknowledgments .............................................................................. xv PART ONE THE GODS RETURN by Kenneth Dean Chapter One Introduction: ! e Survey and its Main Findings ................................................................................ 3 Chapter Two De. nitions of Religion in China ......................... 41 Chapter ! ree Historical Overview ............................................. 53 Chapter Four Contemporary Ritual Events in the Putian Plains: ! e Ritual Event ............................................................... 151 Chapter Five Ritual Specialists ..................................................... 155 Chapter Six Gods and Cults ......................................................... 177 Chapter Seven Temples, Monasteries and Processions ........... 207 Chapter Eight Lineage and Territorial Connections ................ 219 Chapter Nine Transnational Networks ...................................... 229 Chapter Ten Conclusions: Ritual and Modernity ..................... 255 PART TWO LINEAGE AND RELIGION ON THE PUTIAN PLAINS: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON STONE INSCRIPTIONS by Zheng Zhenman, translated by Kenneth Dean Introduction ........................................................................................ 285 Buddhism and powerful lineages in the early period ................. 289 Song Ming NeoConfucianism and Lineage Ancestral halls ....... 300 ! e altar of the soil and the harvest of the Sub-cantons and the system of temples dedicated to popular gods .................... 317 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 338 DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd viivii 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:25:15:25 PMPM viii /0&'(&'- Appendix One: Legends of the main surnames of the Putian plain (based on the account in Zhang Qin’s Putian xianzhi) ........................................................................................... 341 Appendix Two: A recently carved stone inscription from Shiting, Putian ............................................................................... 355 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 369 Glossary ............................................................................................... 385 Index of proper names and place names ...................................... 401 DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd viiiviii 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:25:15:25 PMPM LIST OF MAPS, IMAGES, AND TABLES Color Plates Map 1: Satellite image of the Putian Plain with Major Rivers ..... 000 Map 2: ! e 153 Regional Ritual Alliances within the Li sub-cantons of the Putian Plain ................................................. 000 Map 3: 3D Model of the Irrigated Putian plain (looking north) .............................................................................. 000 Map 4: 3D Model of the Irrigated Putian plain (looking east) .................................................................................. 000 Map 5: Ancient shorelines of the Putian Plain ............................ 000 Map 6: Tang shorelines of the Putian Plain ................................. 000 Map 7: Song shorelines of the Putian Plain .................................. 000 Map 8: Ming-Qing shorelines of the Putian Plain ...................... 000 Map 9: Village Foundation Date by Dynasty ............................... 000 Map 10: Ancestral Halls: including Song and Ming sites .......... 000 Map 11: Feuding Banner alliances of the Putian Plain in the late Qing (19th century) ................................................... 000 Map 12: Urban expansion in the Putian plains (1984–2002) .... 000 Image 1: Spirit mediums wielding maces are carried in sedan chairs in Zhengtang ...................................................... 000 Image 2: Spirit mediums and their altar associates perform an exorcistic dance before Shiting temple ................................ 000 Image 3: Opera is presented to the gods and the people ........... 000 Image 4: Eight Immortals from the stage worship the gods at Hanjiang City God Temple ..................................................... 000 Image 5A/B: Painted faces of the demon soldiers of several di" erent neighborhood shê altars in a ritual near Huating ... 000 Image 6: Linked benches with lanterns on top form a vast line for an evening procession .................................................... 000 Image 7: Young men race a god’s sedan chair over a bon. re in a village near Huating .................................................................. 000 Image 8: O" erings of pigs and a goat before a temple near Fengting .......................................................................................... 000 Image 9: A Daoist master blesses o" erings to the gods .............. 000 Image 10: Female performing arts troupes travel in a procession near Zhuzhai .............................................................. 000 DDEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.inddEAN_V1_f1_i-xvi.indd ixix 110/15/20090/15/2009 77:15:25:15:25 PMPM x +%-' 03 4,#-, %4,5(-, ,&) ',6+(- Image 11: A procession winds through a partially demolished village ............................................................................................... 000 Image 12: ! e baban (eight attendants) temple guard protect the gods on procession ................................................................. 000 Image 13: A Daoist ritual master burns a talisman before a placard of the route of the procession ....................................... 000 Image 14: ! e Jiaocha temple in Nanmen, in the southern corner of Putian city ..................................................................... 000 Image 15: Troupes bear sedan chairs with the names of the gods around bon. res ............................................................. 000 Image 16: Village elders carry a sedan chair of the gods ........... 000 Image 17: Elderly women sweep the streets before the gods ..... 000 Image 18: Women in a marching band before the Xiaoyi temple in Jiangkou ........................................................................ 000 Image 19: Women carrying the goddess Mazu (Tianshang shengmu) in a sedan chair ........................................................... 000 Image 20: Portrait of a demon from the Underworld: his hat reads “Great Good Luck at one glance” ............................. 000 Image 21: An Immortal takes part in a procession ..................... 000 Image 22: A female opera singer joins the procession ............... 000 Image 23: ! is demon from the Underworld belongs to a neighborhood earth god temple ................................................. 000 Image 24: A spirit medium deep in trance ................................... 000 Image 25: O" erings to the gods are consumed by villagers a1 er the ritual ................................................................................ 000 Image 26: A master of Ceremonies directs the dance of the demons. ! e demon carries a plaque which reads Jinxiang “Presentation of Incense” ............................................................. 000 Image 27: A very young spirit medium leads an exorcistic dance at the Shiting Temple ........................................................ 000 Image 28: Spirit mediums and altar assistant perform a complex line dance in Jiangkou .................................................