UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Settlement patterns and rural development: a human geographical study of the Kaonde, Kasempa District, Zambia Jaeger, D. Publication date 1981 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Jaeger, D. (1981). Settlement patterns and rural development: a human geographical study of the Kaonde, Kasempa District, Zambia. Royal Tropical Institute. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:01 Oct 2021 ~J Source: central Statist! Office (c.s.a.. ) r Monthly Digest StQ.tL~tic;s( iToL X-vI \.7e::1..198:). In lSf53, '196Q and '1980 a national population CE~B~S took pla~e and in 1974 a sample census, Since 1974 pcpulo.tion es·tima.tes ::tave bee,n.. publ:lshed) based on a .. fiatisnal rate of 3% • 2) The official 5 a (som<'!times also written Chizera:. I~ the s lling iD Kizela and this s~elling 13 used in the Chapter on Kaonde history" While this icatio!1 was in preparation (:979/BO~r ~h2 admi~istrative boundary b~tween the KaGem~a Dis le and the Chizela District was Dot y~t off~Clal . In an official meet (May 1980) at Solwezi ~~ae~ senior Chief Kasempa, Chief K:Lu,j;:: anc'] Chi !,1usb.:i.r:<d, ~ 'i;. b{,,;"!r. proposed th~"tt the D8W distlict will incorporate the chiefs' area of Chlef Kiz 2; & ;:J\'l<~J.j. P... ;c; r'::hJ.,sf .Mush~tma, Iy:. t:). is I..'!':'y :t;asempa. nit,t:l:(C t :Ls nJt]CJ)J~! y din. ('ir-:;(i in b.~70 equo.l w:i. th t"lHO chit;fs in each dJst.:c·1.ct., h;;.fj implc'i'l1.ont.ation of ·this p:J..an w:UJ (; ('.; (;;:,::".!JU c,hL1g an. \'1:::;:.1-11(;1.' dirt"ct .LOFte het.Vlcfm Chj l"r'i~'; ;'~."', \rLa r~Ci19.n'''i;,(·· , 'rht~ d i.S;:l:J.l~t. boum3a:cy :i.n(i:Tr>J f.C, ) :3 <H-:,:~ J j ./\, 'L~> :::1l11y a rough indl'::.'dt.ltlt: In tbp nf.d;:;(i·.... ~ i.tV ! "·:".~Li tCl.nl::s (t:xc' ,ga:m:;' waInen camps) i.l]."0.) Ti.,' -, .• ,3i:. (\a'0'sc;:~~ !"U·;'.i ;U:~l f:i.r':'l~ '~Ll~)S (;ordJ'()J;'(:';'2,·~ U',.f:l ~ .;';;:1 buf t'et. 'U).nes ,):cound the N,dj ()nz~ [. U.';'~;"G i'U,;:; pi:;~!)en:- In t~b8bC r.IX h; f, r "I,~.·~ - iJ:'; f,......:(.:,- ~:::;:, ,~ ;~; .:'~:t~ i:'. Li:tn.l{~rl. -!-~ 1.:':1 {\t.'; L~. S f".,im"· u) a t~(;d, JrlhCl}):!<.;},.: C.-,: ';~' t. '; " i~ ,T ·:,~t~:: ':C,' ,?CI, ;"£18(; V1L pnrmi.l::; :CO)' hur! i':i n'J ; ::,;.; ! .he ··~f; r;.t:·t~<,h3 :~l'·:i:-: on1y :i f::'~~ll('~cl ())1 a n<F'"- !·.,,-~S,gJs h j, G7Ju1.~.~ J~ia_n.(~~J(~lI!!_~rrl. }\}~: ~:) I~, {~~,C':- .. ~~,_; ~'.~(;.:>~_;. 1.::1 1': ~... (> 1.~j,~-~'.~l\l_'i 1.:Ger.t~(! {J<~(!ll(' ]:c·n(.~:;, f;.C··})(YC~:b (Lra;·f c:'y '.)', 'r,~;;: .~i:.·':;l !)u.... chi.n9 r.J.nl.l,)[\ll': J"J'i (iJ] t~}·.tC; Cr-11~'~,,; if: ~.;i .. r:~ __ '?~ ·1~r,:f_[';~:~c.~:l.1,( 1't.r,'~J~·lr\{·:~-~ ::'1.n(~:~ ~;!:)f:-)t~c.L::tl1..\i j)') "':h.(: :Ll):rn,J l,usTJ,11shJ~ fi1(,'~·-~!~-.; 't--:'~~.~""~'~ 'i,S ((;:"l;~_~:~ (~.:1~)Lt'yf ~j>{·!(~0.H~}tt)le to thE' COJ)jH:'j~)ell: (,Jehns(;,:' ';:; 1 '.) ~ 4) Both )JiI:1 m.)d ,."al:i. 'anthLJi.:, r: J.-') J.i<' tUt 1)'1 (whl!-(d t e) ni5 tP~j ('f'(~J .((;,2 bellicosL>.S). bC.HlI'· C; t.~\,'u': (:J.qCl:.ut':.~l3r:ea.ch (L hc.i ~}b" 0'1-- f;;--~ with a bCl.se diame'i.:.E!,"· i! Ft, .}od \.1 volutu(:) 0 C 3~)O :>113,. [-;e:vt.'Y •..:d ()f. these structures a!:;':' ~:,:.Lt.in UT' dnd nAif! ant.)); J) a :. o::gularl.y; this is espt;;cJ.:; 1 1 y\,,()i~jJ~e(lhJf) 10 i.. )~l('" ;:; , ~) ~'he 'I'Nl)J> (I l}'jS (mer' 2; indicat:es that the centr:alUld ;;olli.:h' east n :ci; of: the distr: let L~ an area with g,:)(~d Cl<j:cj." cul'i.\uLLl ~30;ls" 'fhe. rest uf t.i!tc d~.5tr.ict and pr.ovl(\';f~ I.'~w)'t furth(T \' 8S1 fled. Refer to a disCl) 6C.Hl on contradir-;t:toq (unpnb1 ~-bed) racent reports on. the o~c'.lrr.e.(lCf~ CJlld locatLnrw.l SprE'dO (~f red clay soils in thE! prov e (,.Joll.nson 1930,9'::'). 'l'his (~:L~:.:cu8sion reveals tha-t. :O'L,~h fLU·tbc:,c In've:J .:J-tJ.0n and fiehl 1'-8fo;Ca!:-CI"l is neCeEii:~~~r:'y t() !Il;:;.f the :::1,:;1.''.<:"::)1 of i.:hc l~ur h-W€stern Prmri!'!.ce. G) Melland (19ri7,22) states tnat toe 4a~er of the mineralised :.=prings at:. Kaimb'Ne hc.\lc 0'3er! :,Ln;:l CJn is to be al~· mest ic".ent.ical thos2 Eo:mburg in GerHlany 0 cC\.r..alysis of a water 2.'!:. <:.he soiI labo:r."a.tory of the Hoyal Tropical Institute at in 1972 gave a N~Cl ~clltent ef 9 gram per liter and 2 8S.S% NaCl ~ontent in the ~~cally fabricated salt. -234­ Notes to Chapter 1, pp.24-38 7) In reality, this is higher since not all cases are reported to the hospital at Kasempa, and in many cases, the direct cause of death is not registered as sleeping sickness but as the result of accompanying complications such as pneumonia and general weakness. This section is only concerned with tsetse fly and sleeping sickness. This does not imply that other sicknesses of endemic and serious nature do not occur in the district. Cases of malaria are frequent - ca. 200 are admitted to the hospital per year of which about 1% are deadly. Aside from these, many malaria cases are handled at the local rural health centres. TB, pneumonia, bilharzia, and particularly measles and whooping cough among children, are diseases which occur frequently. 8) Kasempa district inhabits entirely a Kaonde speaking population, except in Kasempa township where a number of inhabitants, mainly government personnel, lives from all over the country. The new Kizela District is inhabited by a Kaonde, Chokwe, Luchazi, and Luvale-speaking population. Kaonde is also termed Kikaonde, with the prefix "kin indicating the language, and as Bakaonde, indicating the population (Wright 1977). In older publications in French, the Kaonde are re­ ferred to as Bakahonde, Kahonde and Kawonde (Verhulpen 1936; Boone 1961). Here, as is now usual, Kaonde refers to the population group as well as the language. 9) On the basis of archaeological excavations in Zambia, especially during the last two decades, main pottery-cultural groups have been further defined for Zambia (Phillipson 1974; Roberts 1976). Three cultural traditions are generally de­ lineated: the Luangwa tradition of a relatively recent (since ca. 1500) group of migrants to Zambia, the Lungwebungu tradition and the Tonga diaspora tradition. The last two groups have been settled in Zambia for a longer period. There is a clear difference between the pottery of these groups as well as the method of manufacture. Luangwa pottery is made by the women while the men make the pottery of the other two groups. The Kaonde area is not considered in the above publications because of lack of archaeological data and in­ formation about present-day Kaonde pottery. The most western border of the Luangwa tradition is considered to be the Lamba area, and the most eastern border of the Lungwebungu tradi­ tion extends to the Lunda, Ndembu and Luvale (Roberts 1976, map p.70). Roberts (1976,71) assumes that 'the culture of the Kaonde area has long developed relatively independently from those of the surrounding regions'. This is correct to a certain extent. On the basis of the (scarce) information known to me about the pottery made by the Kaonde, one can conclude that stylistically, and taking into consideration that pottery-making is done by Kaonde women, the pottery is clearly related to the Luangwa tradition. Also in this respect the Kaonde can be reckoned to be cUlturally related the most to the eastern neighbouring groups e.g. the Lamba, Bemba, etc. 10} Frequent village movements are not very detrimental to banana plants. After some years old banana stools will become in­ fected by eelworm (nematodes) and a new site for the plants is a necessity. At a new village site, young banana plants will give fruits within about a year and sometimes villagers go to the old village site to collect fruits. -235­ Notes to Chapter 1, pp.39-44 11) A village and population enumeration carried out by the author in the Kalasa-village group in 1968 gives a figure of 10% polygamous marriages.