TS 45547 OSRAM / Hinweise für den Gebrauch und die Anwendung von Halogen-Metalldampflampen GB 2/21.11.2007 www.osram.com Metal halide lamps Instructions for the use and application TS 45547 OSRAM / Hinweise für den Gebrauch und die Anwendung von Halogen-Metalldampflampen GB 2/21.11.2007 Contents 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................4 2 How a metal halide lamp works ......................................................................................................................5 2.1 Quartz discharge tube .............................................................................................................................6 2.2 Ceramic discharge tube (PCA = polycrystalline alumina) .........................................................................6 2.2.1 1st generation: cylindrical form .....................................................................................................6 2.2.2 2nd generation: freely moldable ceramic, POWERBALL ................................................................6 3 Ballasts for discharge lamps ..........................................................................................................................8 3.1 Inductive ballasts (chokes) ......................................................................................................................8 3.1.1 American circuits for ballasts ........................................................................................................9 3.1.2 Variation in supply voltage for adapted inductance .....................................................................10 3.1.3 Influence of deviations in supply voltage.....................................................................................11 3.1.4 Capacitor for power factor correction .........................................................................................11 3.2 Electronic control gear (ECG) ................................................................................................................12 3.2.1 Structure and functioning of an electronic ballast. ......................................................................12 3.2.2 Service life and temperature .......................................................................................................13 3.2.3 Advantages of operation with electronic ballast POWERTRONIC PTi ..........................................13 3.3 Influence of harmonic waves and corresponding filters .........................................................................15 3.4 Brief voltage interruptions .....................................................................................................................16 3.5 Stroboscopic effect and flicker .............................................................................................................17 4 Igniting and starting discharge lamps ...........................................................................................................19 4.1 External ignition units ...........................................................................................................................19 4.1.1 Parallel ignition unit ....................................................................................................................19 4.1.2 Semi-parallel ignition unit ...........................................................................................................19 4.1.3 Superimposed ignitor .................................................................................................................20 4.2 Warm re-ignition ...................................................................................................................................20 4.3 Hot re-ignition .......................................................................................................................................20 4.4 Ignition at low ignition voltage (Penning effect) .....................................................................................20 4.5 Ignition at low ambient temperatures ....................................................................................................20 4.6 Cable capacitance ................................................................................................................................21 4.7 Start-up behavior of metal halide lamps ................................................................................................21 5 Reducing the wattage of high intensity discharge lamps ..............................................................................23 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................23 5.2 Wattage reduction techniques ...............................................................................................................23 5.2.1 Reducing the supply voltage .......................................................................................................23 5.2.2 Phase control: leading edge, trailing edge ..................................................................................24 5.2.3 Increasing choke impedance or decreasing lamp current ............................................................24 5.2.4 Change in frequency for high-frequency mode ............................................................................24 5.3 Recommendations for reducing the wattage in discharge lamps ...........................................................25 5.3.1 Metal halide lamps .....................................................................................................................25 5.3.2 Dimming for other discharge lamps ............................................................................................25 2 TS 45547 OSRAM / Hinweise für den Gebrauch und die Anwendung von Halogen-Metalldampflampen GB 2/21.11.2007 6 Lamp service life, aging and failure behavior ................................................................................................26 6.1 Lamp service life and aging behavior ....................................................................................................26 6.2 Failure mechanisms of metal halide lamps ............................................................................................26 6.2.1 Leaking arc tube .........................................................................................................................27 6.2.2 Increase in re-ignition peak .........................................................................................................27 6.2.3 Broken lead or broken weld ........................................................................................................28 6.2.4 Leaking outer bulb ......................................................................................................................28 6.2.5 Lamps that do not ignite .............................................................................................................28 6.2.6 Breakage or differing wear of the electrodes ...............................................................................29 6.2.7 Scaling of the base / socket .......................................................................................................29 6.2.8 Bursting of the lamp ...................................................................................................................29 6.2.9 Rectifying effect .........................................................................................................................29 6.2.10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................31 7 Luminaire design and planning of lighting systems .......................................................................................32 7.1 Measuring temperatures, ambient temperature .....................................................................................32 7.1.1 General physical conditions for temperature limits for outer bulbs and pinches in metal halide lamps ..............................................................................................32 7.1.2 2 Measurement with thermocouple .............................................................................................32 7.1.3 Measuring points for thermocouples in different lamp types .......................................................33 7.2 Influence of ambient temperature on ballasts and luminaires ................................................................36 7.3 Lamp holder .........................................................................................................................................36 7.4 Leads to luminaires ...............................................................................................................................37 7.5 Maintenance of lighting systems with metal halide lamps ......................................................................37 7.6 Standards and directives for discharge lamps .......................................................................................39 7.6.1 Standards ...................................................................................................................................39 7.6.2 Directives ...................................................................................................................................41