Advanced Functional Programming Páli, Gábor János Horváth, Zoltán Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Advanced Functional Programming írta Páli, Gábor János és Horváth, Zoltán Publication date 2014 Szerzői jog © 2014 Páli Gábor János, Horváth Zoltán Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Tartalom Advanced Functional Programming ................................................................................................... 1 1. 1 Syllabus .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Highlights of the Curriculum .................................................................................... 1 2. 2 Motivation .......................................................................................................................... 1 2.1. Why Functional Programming? ................................................................................ 2 2.2. Functional Languages Used Out There .................................................................... 2 3. 3 Literature ............................................................................................................................ 2 3.1. Recommended Reading ............................................................................................ 2 3.2. Recommended Reading ............................................................................................ 2 4. 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 4.1. Purely Functional Languages ................................................................................... 3 4.2. Elements of a Functional-Language Type System ................................................... 3 4.3. Recap: Type Checking .............................................................................................. 3 4.4. Recap: Type Definitions, Annotations ...................................................................... 3 4.5. Recap: Parametric and "Ad Hoc" Polymorphism ..................................................... 4 4.6. Recap: Type Synonyms, newtype ............................................................................. 4 5. 5 Algebraic Data Types ......................................................................................................... 5 5.1. Constructors .............................................................................................................. 5 5.2. Constructors (cont'd) ................................................................................................. 5 5.3. Sum of Types ............................................................................................................ 5 5.4. Product of Types ....................................................................................................... 6 5.5. Product of Types: Records ........................................................................................ 6 5.6. Product of Types: Records ........................................................................................ 6 5.7. Parametric ADTs ...................................................................................................... 7 5.8. Recursive ADTs ....................................................................................................... 7 5.9. Recursive, Parametric ADTs .................................................................................... 7 5.10. Recursive, Parametric ADTs (cont'd) ..................................................................... 8 6. 6 Higher-Order Types ........................................................................................................... 8 6.1. Introducing Higher-Order Types and Kinds ............................................................. 8 6.2. Example .................................................................................................................... 9 7. 7 Type Classes ...................................................................................................................... 9 7.1. Overloading Functions ............................................................................................. 9 7.2. Type Classes ............................................................................................................. 9 7.3. Type Class Instances .............................................................................................. 10 7.4. Class Contexts ........................................................................................................ 10 7.5. Instances Defined Through Overloading ................................................................ 10 7.6. Overlapping Instances ............................................................................................ 11 7.7. Overlapping Instances: Example (Clean) ............................................................... 11 7.8. Ambiguous Overloading ......................................................................................... 11 7.9. Deriving Members of Classes ................................................................................. 12 7.10. Classes Defined Through Other Classes ............................................................... 12 7.11. Deriving Type Class Instances (Haskell) .............................................................. 12 8. 8 Existential Types .............................................................................................................. 13 8.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 13 8.2. Examples of Use (Haskell) ..................................................................................... 13 8.3. Examples of Use (Clean) ........................................................................................ 13 9. 9 Uniqueness Typing ........................................................................................................... 14 9.1. Defining Uniqueness .............................................................................................. 14 9.2. Basic Ideas .............................................................................................................. 14 9.3. Writing Files ........................................................................................................... 14 9.4. Attribute Variables ................................................................................................. 15 9.5. Attribute Propagation ............................................................................................. 15 9.6. Restrictions on Propagation .................................................................................... 15 9.7. Employing Coercion Statements ............................................................................ 16 9.8. Employing Coercion Statements (cont'd) ............................................................... 16 9.9. New Types with Uniqueness Attributes ................................................................. 16 iii Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Advanced Functional Programming 9.10. Standard Attribution for New Types .................................................................... 17 9.11. Combining Uniqueness Typing and Overloading ................................................. 17 9.12. Application: I/O in Clean ...................................................................................... 17 10. 10 Dynamics ..................................................................................................................... 17 10.1. What is Dynamics? ............................................................................................... 17 10.2. What is Dynamics? (cont'd) .................................................................................. 18 10.3. Packing Expressions into a Dynamic .................................................................... 18 10.4. Packing Arguments of Unknown Type ................................................................. 18 10.5. Defeating the Static Type System ......................................................................... 19 10.6. Unpacking a Dynamic Using Pattern Matching ................................................... 19 10.7. Dynamic Pattern Matching for Polymorphic Functions ....................................... 19 10.8. Dynamic Pattern Matching: Summary ................................................................. 20 10.9. Checking and Unifying Type Schemes ................................................................ 20 10.10. Checking and Unifying Type Schemes - Examples ............................................ 20 10.11. Checking and Unifying Unknown Types Using Overloaded Type Variables .... 21 10.12. Type-Safe Communication Using Dynamics ..................................................... 21 10.13. Type-Safe Communication Using Dynamics: Example ..................................... 21 10.14. Architecture of the Implementation .................................................................... 22 11. 11 Generic Programming .................................................................................................. 22 11.1. Motivation ............................................................................................................ 22 11.2. Universal Representation of Types ......................................................................