TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................vii PART I ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Setting up the Commission ............................................................................................................ 1 Establishing a communication strategy ..................................................................................... 3 Publication of Rules and Procedure............................................................................................. 4 Consultations with Government Departments and Others ................................................. 4 Role of Civil Society ........................................................................................................................... 5 Standing Before the Commission ................................................................................................. 6 Methodological Issues....................................................................................................................... 8 Given the time constraints adverted to above the Commission was not able to visit each province and therefore the methodology which the Commission adopted for gathering evidence varied to some extent between the various provinces.................... 10 Alleged Perpetrators: To Name or Not To Name?................................................................... 15 PART II......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Post-Election Violence, 2007 – How Deep Are the Roots?...................................................... 21 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 21 The Use of Political Violence......................................................................................................... 24 The Personalization of Presidential Power and the Deliberate Weakening of Public Institutions......................................................................................................................................... 28 Land and Inequality ........................................................................................................................ 30 Unemployed Youth .......................................................................................................................... 33 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................37 Violence in Rift Valley Province ....................................................................................................... 37 The North Rift Region ......................................................................................................................... 37 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Nature and extent of violence....................................................................................................... 42 Impact of the Violence .................................................................................................................... 49 Response by Police and Provincial Administration............................................................... 53 The Provincial Administration and Security Forces ............................................................. 53 Intelligence Concerning Post-Election Violence and Its Use.............................................. 58 Was the violence planned or spontaneous? ............................................................................ 66 Was the violence spontaneous?................................................................................................... 73 Findings................................................................................................................................................... 76 Central Rift Region .............................................................................................................................. 78 Molo District .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Koibatek District: Attempted Ethnic Cleansing ......................................................................... 91 Nakuru District: Organized Attacks and Counter-Attacks..................................................... 97 Naivasha District: Planned Criminal Attacks by Mungiki and Kikuyu politicians....... 113 Narok District...................................................................................................................................... 128 The South Rift and Kisii Region .................................................................................................... 132 i CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................. 162 Violence in Western and Nyanza Provinces............................................................................... 162 Western Province............................................................................................................................ 162 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 162 Nyanza Province ................................................................................................................................. 173 Violence in Nairobi, Central and Coast Provinces................................................................... 193 Nairobi ............................................................................................................................................... 193 Central Province ............................................................................................................................. 205 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 205 Coast Province................................................................................................................................. 218 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 218 PART III.................................................................................................................................................. 236 CHAPTER SIX...................................................................................................................................... 237 Sexual Violence............................................................................................................................... 237 Collecting Evidence........................................................................................................................ 242 Public Testimony by Expert Witnesses................................................................................... 243 Testimony from Victims ............................................................................................................... 249 Who Were the Victims of Sexual Violence?............................................................................ 250 Who Were the Perpetrators?....................................................................................................... 252 Security Forces ............................................................................................................................... 253 Organized Gangs ............................................................................................................................ 258 Neighbours and Others individual Criminals....................................................................... 259 Humanitarian Workers and IDP Service Providers............................................................. 260 Unintended Sexual Consequences of General Violence .................................................... 261 Impact of the Victims’ Health and Socio-Economic Conditions ..................................... 261 Institutional and Legal Challenges to Responding to Sexual Violence......................... 265 Recommendations.........................................................................................................................