1 Works Cited Primary Sources "Code of the Comics Magazine Association Inc." Comics Magazine Association Inc., ​ ​ www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/code-comics-magazine-association-america- inc-1954. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019. This website contains photo slides which provided me with pictures of the Comics Code Authority pamphlet (the barrier itself), the senate hearings, and copies of the two letters written by Robert Meridian (the child) and Eugenia Y. Genovar (the parent). I was able to deepen my understanding about the range of perspectives taking a hand in this conversation, therefore adding complexity to the topic itself. Crotty, Rob. "The Congressional Archives NARA Unit Preserves History of Legislation in the House, Senate." The Congressional Archives NARA Unit Preserves History of Legislation ​ in House, Senate, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 2009, ​ www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2009/fall/congressional.html. Accessed 15 Oct. 2019. This is a website which contains photographs from the Subcommittee of Juvenile Delinquency. This was used in the Senate Hearings tab, and provided details to how this testimony was “the nail to the coffin”\s his testimony provoked the committee to justify their suspicions and overall view on the subject matter, to recommend censorship on comic books. 2 “Eisenhower and McCarthy.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, ​ ​ www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eisenhower-politics/.. ​ This website provided a photograph of Joseph Mccarthy, so readers can tie a face to the name repeated throughout the tab of Mccarthyism and the Second Red Scare “Grand Comics Database.” Grand Comics Database, Grand Comics Database, ​ ​ www.comics.org/. ​ This was a database that provided all of the comic book covers in the website. This was meant to give visual aid, in how events directly transpired, and what the messages were communicated within the covers. This was also used to add a sense of understanding to the multitude of perspectives given by senators, and parents. "Guide to Senate Records: Chapter 13 Judiciary 1947-1968 Chapter 13. Records of the Committee on the Judiciary and Related Committees, 1816-1968." Guide to Senate ​ Records: Chapter 13 Judiciary 1947-1968, U.S National Archives and Records ​ Administration, www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SSJD. Accessed 15 Oct. 2019. This was a web page/document that outlined the rules and how previous biases may have affected the outcomes. This was important to understand the cause of the creation of the Comics Code Authority and what to compare to its goal, and how it ended up achieving it. 3 Harris & Ewing. “DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION. CHARLES F. MURPHY OF TAMMANY HALL.” The Library of Congress, Library of Congress , 1912, ​ ​ www.loc.gov/item/2016863885/. ​ This was a website containing a photograph of Charles Murphy. This was to show viewers what he looked like, compared to the actions he did. Herbert. “Herblock's History - Political Cartoons from the Crash to the Millennium ‘Fire!".” "Fire!" - Herblock's History: Political Cartoons from the Crash to the Millennium | Exhibitions - Library of Congress, 16 Oct. 2000, ​ www.loc.gov/exhibits/herblocks-history/fire.html. ​ This website provided a cartoon/illustration which is the second political cartoon on the Mccarthyism and Second Red Scare Tab. It was chosen due to its factoring in another perspective, illustrating how the general population viewed Mccarhy’s allegations of workers being communist in the White House. This also backed up how controversial this event was, having two clashing opinions about the topic itself. Hudak, Heather C. McCarthyism and the Red Scare . Crabtree Publishing Company , 2018. ​ ​ This book provided me with the cartoon depicting the House of Un-American Activities speeding in a car putting civilians in danger, paired with some quotes. This photograph was meant to illustrate the fear of the citizens, along with the suspicion that reinforces the attitudes by parents, similar to the letter by Eugenia Y. Genovar. Also, the source 4 provided a strong understanding of what the Second Red Scare was, and what transpired during this event. This also provided a general guideline of what McCarthyism was. Lee, Stan. "Great Power, Great Responsibility ." Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle, season 1, ​ ​ episode 2. Interview. This documentary helped bring Stan Lee’s perspective, being the main person who broke the censorship barrier. This was chosen to be a multimedia source in order to elaborate on the source that broke the barrier, since it was a hefty event. “Marvel Unlimited: Subscribe to Read Over 25,000 Comics for One Low Price.” Marvel ​ Entertainment, www.marvel.com/comics/unlimited. ​ ​ ​ This website provided a photograph of the last page in the first Spiderman issue is meant to illustrate the relatability he holds in his own teenage life, and how it became a defining factor of the Silver Age. Spiderman now has to transition from a teen to an adult taking up new responsibilities. Maeder, Jay. “No Harm In Horror: When Congress Investigated Whether Comic Books Were Poisoning Young Minds.” Nydailynews.com, New York Daily News, 12 Jan. 2019, ​ ​ www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/federal-inquiry-comic-books-ruining-kids-article-1 .816665. ​ This website provided a photograph of William Gaines testifying against the Senate Subcommittee. This was just meant to tie a face to the name repeated throughout the website. 5 Mendryk, Harry. “Wertham & Censoring.” Simon and Kirby, 25 June 2010, ​ ​ kirbymuseum.org/blogs/simonandkirby/archives/category/topic/wertham-censoring. This is a website containing a photograph of Fredric Wertham, meant to tie a picture to the name that is constantly being repeated throughout the website. "Stan Lee ." Stan Lee, Coggle , coggle.it/diagram/XD7M3Krft0v2IkgW/t/stan-lee. ​ ​ Accessed 24 Nov. 2019. Map. This website contained a diagram of the quote on the thesis page. This conveyed the idea of how Comics were a scapegoat and an allusion to the real problem, setting up the overtone of the whole website. This is a primary source, because it was said by someone who was directly involved in the conflict at hand. United States, Congress, Senate, Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile ​ Delinquency (comic Books) Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. Testimony of William Gaines. Full text of "Juvenile delinquency (comic ​ ​ books) Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the, ​ Boston Public Library, 4 June 1954, archive.org/stream/juveniledelinque54unit/juveniledelinque54unit_djvu.txt. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019. 190th Congress, 83rd session. This was a website containing a direct transcript between the Senate Subcommittee and William Gaines, an infamous moment in comic book history, where Gaines much cemented popular opinion and even intellectual opinion about the workings of the negative relationship between Comic Books and juvenile delinquency. 6 Thrasher, Frederic M. "Do The Crime Comic Books Promote Juvenile Delinquency?" EBSCOhost, EBSCO Industries, 1 Dec. 1954, ​ eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=18&sid=a9930579-8f39-4bbb-a349-d 4a1948c349c%40sdc-v-sessmgr01. Accessed 15 Oct. 2019. (Webpage) This academic journal provided a perspective in, providing a point of view on the scientific view of the Comics Code Authority justifications. This elevated the point of view of how the code was strongly misguided in its backing. “Timeline of the Anti-Comics Crusade of the 1940's and 1950's.” The Anti-Comics Crusade ​ Timeline, www.lostsoti.org/TheAntiComicsCrusade.htm. ​ ​ ​ This website contained a photograph of a senator (part of the Senate Subcommittee) evaluating comic books on a board. This was included to justify the serious nature and tone undertaken by senators, when evaluating the “detrimental” effect comic books have on the youth. Wolf. “Trump Blames Video Games, Movies for Violence - CNN Video.” CNN, Cable News ​ ​ Network, 22 Feb. 2018, www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/02/22/trump-blames-video-games-movies-violence.c nn. ​ This website contained a video of Donald Trump placing the blame of teen violence on video games, indirectly meant to indicate how scapegoating continues to remain as a 7 problem This establishes significance to the problem, trying to raise awareness that even the most respected leaders can scapegoat. Secondary Sources Anderson, Ted. “Comics Code.” Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature, 2020. EBSCOhost, ​ ​ ​ ​ search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=102165527&site=eds-live. This website provided a quote to give a clear picture to the readers about the future of the Comics Code Authority. This is supposed to give a general timeline of the slow decay of the Comics Code and how ideals changed over time about the ideals of censorship. “Author’s Response to Tim Black’s Review of The Myth of the Addicted Army: Vietnam and the Modern War on Drugs.” Humanity & Society, vol. 34, no. 1, Feb. 2010, p. 107. ​ ​ EBSCOhost, doi:10.1177/016059761003400106. ​ This academic journal emphasized one of the main points given to enhance the prevalence of the causes for breaking the barrier. Notably, this provided a direct quote on how the war of drugs prompted Stan Lee in creating “Spider-Man Issue #96,” therefore breaking the barrier of censorship, while lending credibility on how drug and war tensions changed comic book media. Armstrong, April C., and Zachary Bampton. "Comic Books, Censorship, and Moral Panic." Seely G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Trustees of Princeton Library, 18 Apr. 2018, ​ blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2018/04/comic-books-censorship-and-moral-panic/. Accessed 21 Oct. 2019. 8 This is a blog post article from Princeton University detailing questions about Charles F. Murphy. This allowed me to understand how the main administrator of the Comics Code Authority operated and how he set the tone for the harsh regulations set on comic books. Bailey, Budd. Red Scare: Communists in America. Cavendish Square, 2017 ​ ​ This book offered me quotes along with an understanding of the political and social atmosphere of when the Code was created.