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Canada’s Residential Schools: Reconciliation The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 6 Canada’s Residential Schools Volume 6 Canada’s Residential Schools: Reconciliation The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 6 Published for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission by McGill-Queen’s University Press .POUSFBM,JOHTUPOr-POEPOr$IJDBHP This report is in the public domain. Anyone may, without charge or request for permission, reproduce all or part of this report. 2015 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Website: www.trc.ca ISBN 978-0-7735-4661-5 (v. 6 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4662-2 (v. 6 : paperback). Printed in Canada on acid-free paper An index to this volume of the final report is available online. Please visit http://nctr.ca/trc_reports.php -JCSBSZBOE"SDIJWFT$BOBEB$BUBMPHVJOHJO1VCMJDBUJPO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada [Canada’s residential schools] Canada’s residential schools : the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (McGill–Queen’s Native and northern series ; 80–86) Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. The history. Part 1, origins to 1939 — The history. Part 2, 1939 to 2000 — v. 2. The Inuit and northern experience — v. 3. The Métis experience — v. 4. The missing children and unmarked burials report — v. 5. The legacy — v. 6. Reconciliation Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-0-7735-4649-3 (v. 1, pt. 1 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4650-9 (v. 1, pt. 1 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-4651-6 (v. 1, pt. 2 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4652-3 (v. 1, pt. 2 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-4653-0 (v. 2 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4654-7 (v. 2 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-4655-4 (v. 3 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4656-1 (v. 3 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-4657-8 (v. 4 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4658-5 (v. 4 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-4659-2 (v. 5 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4660-8 (v. 5 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-4661-5 (v. 6 : bound). ISBN 978-0-7735-4662-2 (v. 6 : paperback). ISBN 978-0-7735-9817-1 (v. 1, pt. 1 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9818-8 (v.1, pt. 1 : ePUB). ISBN 978-0-7735-9819-5 (v. 1, pt. 2 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9820-1 (v. 1, pt. 2 : ePUB). ISBN 978-0-7735-9821-8 (v. 2 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9822-5 (v. 2 : ePUB). ISBN 978-0-7735-9823-2 (v. 3 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9824-9 (v. 3 : ePUB). ISBN 978-0-7735-9825-6 (v. 4 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9826-3 (v. 4 : ePUB). ISBN 978-0-7735-9827-0 (v. 5 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9828-7 (v. 5 : ePUB). ISBN 978-0-7735-9829-4 (v. 6 : ePDF). ISBN 978-0-7735-9830-0 (v. 6 : ePUB) 1. Native peoples—Canada—Residential schools. 2. Native peoples—Education—Canada. 3. Native peoples—Canada—Government relations. 4. Native peoples—Canada—Social conditions. 5. Native peoples—Canada—History. I. Title. II. Series: McGill–Queen’s Native and northern series ; 80–86 E96.5.T78 2016 971.004’97 C2015-905971-2 C2015-905972-0 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 3 1. The challenge of reconciliation .............................................................. 19 2. Indigenous law: Truth, reconciliation, and access to justice ................. 45 3. From apology to action: Canada and the churches ................................ 81 4. Education for reconciliation ................................................................... 117 5. Public memory: Dialogue, the arts, and commemoration ..................... 157 6. We are all Treaty people: Canadian society and reconciliation ............. 193 Calls to action .............................................................................................. 223 Notes ............................................................................................................ 243 Bibliography ................................................................................................ 267 Canada’s Residential Schools Volume 6 Introduction o some people, “reconciliation” is the re-establishment of a conciliatory state. However, this is a state that many Aboriginal people assert has never existed Tbetween Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. To others, “reconciliation,” in the context of Indian residential schools, is similar to dealing with a situation of family violence. It is about coming to terms with events of the past in a manner that over- comes conflict and establishes a respectful and healthy relationship among people going forward. It is in the latter context that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (trc) has approached the question of reconciliation. To the Commission, “reconciliation” is about establishing and maintaining a mutu- ally respectful relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in this country. For that to happen, there has to be awareness of the past, acknowledgement of the harm that has been inflicted, atonement for the causes, and action to change behaviour. We are not there yet. The relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples is not a mutually respectful one. But we believe we can get there, and we believe we can maintain it. Our ambition is to show how we can do that. In 1996, the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples urged Canadians to begin a national process of reconciliation that would have set the country on a bold new path, fundamentally changing the very foundations of Canada’s relationship with Aboriginal peoples. Much of what the Royal Commission had to say has been ignored by government; a majority of its recommendations were never implemented. But the report and its findings opened people’s eyes and changed the conversation about the reality for Aboriginal people in this country. In 2015, as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada wraps up its work, the country has a rare second chance to seize a lost opportunity for reconciliation. We live in a twenty-first-century global world. At stake is Canada’s place as a prosperous, just, and inclusive democracy within that global world. At the trc’s first National Event in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 2010, residential school Survivor Alma Mann Scott said, The healing is happening—the reconciliation.... I feel that there’s some hope for us not just as Canadians, but for the world, because I know I’m not the only one. I know that Anishinaabe people across Canada, First Nations, are not the only Ɠr5ǭǰǯǣǗ3ǠǞǪǩǞǤǧǤǜǯǤǪǩ$ǪǨǨǤǮǮǤǪǩ ones. My brothers and sisters in New Zealand, Australia, Ireland—there’s differ- ent areas of the world where this type of stuff happened.... I don’t see it happen- ing in a year, but we can start making changes to laws and to education systems ... so that we can move forward.1 Reconciliation must support Aboriginal peoples as they heal from the destructive legacies of colonization that have wreaked such havoc in their lives. But it must do even more. Reconciliation must inspire Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples to transform Canadian society so that our children and grandchildren can live together in dignity, peace, and prosperity on these lands we now share. The urgent need for reconciliation runs deep in Canada. Expanding public dia- logue and action on reconciliation beyond residential schools will be critical in the coming years. Although some progress has been made, significant barriers to recon- ciliation remain. The relationship between the federal government and Aboriginal peoples is deteriorating. Instead of moving towards reconciliation, there have been divisive conflicts over Aboriginal education, child welfare, and justice. The daily news has been filled with reports of controversial issues ranging from the call for a national inquiry on violence towards Aboriginal women and girls to the impact of the economic development of lands and resources on Treaties and Aboriginal title and rights.2 The courts continue to hear Aboriginal rights cases, and new litigation has been filed by Survivors of day schools not covered under the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, as well as by victims of the “Sixties Scoop.”3 The promise of reconciliation, which seemed so imminent back in 2008