University of Mandalay ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN PAKHAN GYI DURING THE MONARCHICAL DAYS Tint Lwin Mandalay, Myanmar March 2007 ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN PAKHAN GYI DURING THE MONARCHICAL DAYS University of Mandalay ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN PAKHAN GYI DURING THE MONARCHICAL DAYS A Dissertation submitted to University of Mandalay in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History Department of History Tint Lwin 4 Ph.D/Hist.-3 Mandalay, Myanmar March 2007 University of Mandalay ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN PAKHAN GYI DURING THE MONARCHICAL DAYS By Tint Lwin, B.A(Hist:), M.A. 4 Ph.D./Hist.-3 (2006-07) This Dissertation is submitted to the Board of Examiners In History, University of Mandalay in Candidature For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved External Examiner, Referee Supervisor Member Member Co-Supervisor Chairperson Abstract In writing this dissertation on the "Art and Architecture in Pakhangyi during the monarchical days", every conceivable aspect has been covered, and the dissertation is divided into four chapters. In writing the First Chapter, the artifacts and implements of Neolithic age period, the religious edifices and wall paintings are mainly used as evidences to show the development of Pakhangyi region as one of the main centres of Myanmar civilization other than Bagan and other places of cultural interest. The First Chapter asserts the historical and cultural legitimacy of the Pakhangyi region by presenting its visible facets of successive periods starting from the stone age: stone implements, how the very term Pakhangyi emerge, the oldest villages, the massive city wall, how the city was rebuilt five times, the quality of bricks used and the pattern of brick bonding, water supply system, agriculture and the region’s inhabitants. In the chapter on Stupas and Cave Temples, about over fifty edifices, from the existing about 200, are detailed with supporting photographs and drawings of groundplans from the viewpoint of art history and architecture. And on wall paintings, ceiling and wall paint- ings of eighty cave temples are presented in detail with photographs and drawings and with comments comparing with paintings from Bagan, Sagaing and Khin Mon village. Finally on iconography, many images from stupas, cave temples and from Pakhangyi Museum totalling over 50 statues are recorded, commented and compared so as to make clear the scholarly aspects and Dhamma message these icons aim to convey to the devotees who visited the noble places to fulfill their spiritual yearnings. And in writing this dissertation every effort has been made to meet the requirements of historicity by basing mainly on the primary sources. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract List of Tables vi List of Photographs vii List of Maps xix List of Drawing xx List of Appendices xxii List of Abbreviations xxiii Glossary xxx Introduction xxxvi Chapters 1. Background History of Pakhangyi Region 1 2. Stupa and Temple 31 3. Wall painting 64 4. Iconography 109 Resume 143 Photographs 145 Maps 246 Drawings 255 Appendices 282 Notes on Bibliography 301 Bibliography 303 List of Tables Page 1. Early Konbaung Period Data on the Population 5-7 of summary of 1783 2. List of Blood bond Brotherhood 1829-1855 7-8 3. List of Pakhangyi Town BC 508 - AD 1738 11 4. Fortress towns in Sunaparanta 17 5. List of Irrigation canals in Pakhangyi Region 20 6. Six Tha-ra-khan Buddha Images and the Elephant Throne 129 List of Photographs Page 01. Nwar-Htein Stone Inscription, Nwar- Htein village, Yasagyo 146 02. Ma- Keit ( crown) wearing bronze mould Image, Nwar-Htein 146 Township 03. Taw Htwet Gyi Image, Ananda Cave Temple, Bagan 147 04. Broken brick with letters, Nwar- Htein village, Yasagyo 147 05. Stucco floral works of Bagan period, Nwar- Htein village, Yasagyo 148 06. Pakhan City wall, seen from Westside, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo 148 Township 07. Western Thazi gate, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 149 08. Ma-Ya-Khoe brick bondage design, Yesagyo Township 149 09. Ma-Ya-Khoe brick bonding pattern, Yesagyo Township 150 10. Brick bondage design, Htee-Lo-Min-Lo, Bagan 150 11. Win-ma-narr gate of the north city, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 151 12. West city wall of Pakhangyi, Khonan Choe Pattern, Pakhangyi 151 Yesagyo Township 13. Brick in city wall, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 152 14. Brick used in the construction of Pakhangyi city, Pakhangyi 152 Museum, Yesagyo Township 15. Wedge brick with letters, Pakhangyi Museum, Yesagyo Township 153 16. Brick with pictures, Pakhangyi Museum, Yesagyo Township 153 17. Brick with animal footprints, Pakhangyi Museum, Yesagyo 154 Township 18. Wedge Brick, Pakhangyi Museum, Yesagyo Township 154 viii 19. Cave Temple (167) Gautama, Pakhangyi Museum, Yesagyo 155 Township 20. Kone Taw Gyi Cave Temple, Nyaung-Oo, Bagan 155 21. Myat - Paung- myintzu, build by Na-ya-pa-ti Sithu 156 22. Cave Temple (106), Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 156 23. Nanda-Ma-Nya Temple, A few hundred yard away from the Phaya 157 Thonezu, Bagan 24. Cave Temple (78), near Myauk Pyin monestry at Pakhangyi, 157 Yesagyo Township 25. Yandana Myintzu, Si Thu Hsin Campus, Pakhangyi 158 26. Cave Temple (82), East of Myauk Pyin Monastery, Pakhangyi 158 27. Kyauk- sa-ga Cave Temple, Thiri-Pyitsayar, Bagan 159 28. Lone-Taw-Gyi, Ywar Thar village, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 159 29. Cave Temple (165), Shwe Bon Thar, Pyi Tharyar Quarter, 160 Pakhangyi 30. Cave Temple (165), Shwe Bon Thar, Pyi Tharyar Quarter, 160 Pakhangyi 31. Khanda Thein, Ywar Thar Village, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 161 32. Niche with pediments, Ywar Thar Village, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo 161 Township 33. Cave Temple (49) Paya Ni near Southeast of Sithu Hsin Pagoda 162 34. Cave Temple (46), Phaya- net, near south of Eithu Hsin Pagoda 162 35. Shit- Myat-Hnar (or) Gyoe Pyay-non-pyay, Kone Ta Linn village, 163 Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 36. Stupa(13), Kone Ta Linn village, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 163 37. Aung Taw Mu, Near Hsin Chaung village 164 38. Cave Temple (23), Shin Aung Myin, Hsin Chaung village 164 39. Stupa (24) , Shin Aung Din 165 40. Cave Temple (42), Thauk Taw Gaw, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 165 41. Cave Temple (56), Shin Ma Taung, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 166 42. Ledi Pagoda, Between Pakhangyi and Pakhannga Motor Road 166 ix 43. Mya Thein Tan, East of Pakhangyi City wall 167 44. Yoke Sone Kyaung (or) Zat Sone Kyaung. Pakhangyi, Yesagyo 167 Township 45. Shwe Daung Sin, East of Pakhangyi Electroicity Factory 168 46. Cave Temple(194), Title Unknown, East of Stupa (193), 168 Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 47. Mya-Zin-Gon, West of Phaya-net, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 169 48. Mingalan Zedi, Bagan 169 49. Pyi Lone Chan Thar (or) Kywet Kywet Hsu, South of Sithu-Hsin 170 Pagoda 50. Pyi Lone Chan Thar (or) KYwet Kywet Hsu, South of Sithu-Hsin 170 Pagoda 51. Pyi Lone Chan Thar (or) Kywet Kywet Hsu, South of Sithu-Hsin 171 Pagoda 52. Shwe Moke Htaw, Southeast of Pakhangyi State High School 171 53. Sa-be-yon, Between Pakhan and Hsin Kyaung & Village, 172 54. Hsu Taung Pyae, East of Sa-be-yon Stupa (133) 172 55. Lawka Hnan Ku, Southeast of Pakhangyi Station, 173 56. Ba-bè, Southeast of Sithu Hsin Pagada 173 57. Cave Temple(101) North of Japan Forestry Training School, 174 Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 58. Kyauk- mann-dat, Southeast of Sithu Hsin Pagoda 174 59. Nagayon, Kyauk-mann-dat, North of Stupa (121) 175 60. Tin Pyin Pyae, Southwest of Sithu Hsin Pagoda 175 61. Kyaung Lein, Sithu Hsin Pagoda Campus 176 62. Thaw Tar Pan, Between Pakhangyi and Hsin Kyaung village 176 63. Mya Thein Tan, East of Than-si Monestry 177 64. Kan-tayar, Northeast of Japan Forestry Training School 177 x 65. Encased Pagoda, North of Ywar Thar Village 178 66. An encased ceti( Siripaccayi - Bagan) 178 67. An encased ceti (Siriaccayi) 179 68. Kan Yoe Kyaung Thone Hsu Tan, Northeast of Pakhangyi 179 Museum 69. Hsin- Gu, Kyet-tu- yway Gu, West of Pakhangyi Kyaung Taw Gyi 180 70. Hsu Taung Pyae, East of Sabeyon Stupa, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo 180 Township 71. Long -necked Lion, Thone Hsu Tan Phaya, Pakhan Nge village, 181 Yesagyo Township 72. Thaw Tar Pan Two Chinthes, East of Thaw Tar Pan Cave Temple, 181 KKG, Yesagyo Township 73. Looking towards Palace Two Chinthes, East Stairway of 182 Sithu Shin Pagoda 74. Lion East staiway , Sithy Shin Pagoda, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo 182 Township 75. Pa-da-yet Chinthes (forelegs raised, Southwest view of Stupa (91) 183 76. Squatting Chinthe with right forelegraised 183 77. Multi-Layer petals lotus, petals interwined like elephant tusks, 184 framed by a rhombus of unequal sides 78. Ceiling painting with Images of Stupa (78), Pakhangyi, Yesagyo 184 Township 79. Ceiting painting with Layeared-petal central lotus interurned like 185 elephant tusks of Stupa (43), Pakhangyi 80. Ceiling painting with Gant-gaw flower ceiling painting (Mesua 185 Pendunculata) 81. Circular lotus with many layers of petal and with a promient slamen 186 pattern, ceiling painting xi 82. Ceiling painting of Central lotus intertwined like elephant tusks 186 type 83. Ceiling painting of Hsin Swe Wun Shet Baho Kyar Htup Waing 187 Gyi pattern 84. Ceiling painting with Free hand drawing of lotus (Not porely 187 ciuolar), YanAung Myin Temple Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 85. Ceiling painting of Hsin Swe win Shet Baho Kyar Htup Waing- 188 second stage 86. Ceiling painting with Multi-layer petal lotus symbolizing Mount 188 Meru, Lawka, Hman Ku Temple, Pakhangyi, Yesagyo Township 87. Ceiling painting of flowers symbolizes Mount Meru 189 88. Ceiling painting with The lotus bloom symbolizing the heavenly 189 sky, Khomda Thein Temple, Yesagyo Myo 89. Ceiling Painting of west Nagayon Chan-Thar-Gyi Pagoda, Yesagyo 190 Myo 90.