CHRISTIAN POWER IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTION From the First French Revolution to the Treaty of Paris, 1789-1856 Vladimir Moss © Vladimir Moss, 2008 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................4 I. REVOLUTION AND COUNTER-REVOLUTION (1789-1830) ........................5 1. THE WEST: THE MAN-GOD ARISES ............................................................6 The Constitutional Monarchy ...............................................................................7 Burke versus Paine ..............................................................................................15 The American Constitution and Slavery.............................................................25 The Jacobin Terror ...............................................................................................28 The Sociétés de Pensée .........................................................................................35 Illuminism............................................................................................................38 The Revolution and Religion ...............................................................................47 Babeuf and the Directory .....................................................................................57 Napoleon Bonaparte.............................................................................................60 Napoleon and Catholicism...................................................................................66 La Grande Nation ................................................................................................70 The Jews and the Revolution................................................................................75 Napoleon and the Jews.........................................................................................84 The Latin American Revolutions.........................................................................88 Romanticism and Nationalism ............................................................................90 German Nationalism ...........................................................................................95 The German War of Liberation..........................................................................101 The Ideology of Counter-Revolution..................................................................104 2. THE EAST: THE MAN-GOD DEFEATED..................................................115 Tsar Paul I of Russia..........................................................................................115 The Annexation of Georgia................................................................................121 The Yedinoverie .................................................................................................128 The Murder of Tsar Paul ...................................................................................131 The Golden Age of Masonry..............................................................................137 Alexander, Napoleon and Speransky.................................................................141 Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia...........................................................................148 The Masons in 1812...........................................................................................151 The Children of 1812 .........................................................................................154 The Peace of Europe ...........................................................................................160 The Polish Question...........................................................................................165 The Jewish Question ..........................................................................................168 The Reaction against Masonry..........................................................................175 Nationalism Moves Eastward............................................................................185 The Philiki Hetairia............................................................................................191 The Greek Revolution ........................................................................................195 The Serbian Revolution .....................................................................................201 The Decembrist Rebellion ..................................................................................205 St. Seraphim of Sarov ........................................................................................210 II. LIBERALISM AND AUTOCRACY (1830-1856) ............................................214 3. THE WEST: THE DUAL REVOLUTION ....................................................215 Liberty, History and Historicism ......................................................................216 Art and Revolution: (1) Byronism ....................................................................223 Art and Revolution: (2) The July Days .............................................................226 2 The Polish Question...........................................................................................233 The Source of Political Authority......................................................................238 Liberalism and Free Trade .................................................................................241 The Irish Famine................................................................................................249 The British Empire.............................................................................................252 De Tocqueville on America................................................................................255 Mill on Liberty...................................................................................................259 Victorian Religion and Morality .......................................................................266 Utopian Socialism..............................................................................................276 German Historicism ..........................................................................................287 Hegel’s Political Philosophy ..............................................................................297 Marx’s Historical Materialism..........................................................................302 The Jewish Question: (1) Benjamin Disraeli.....................................................308 The Jewish Question: (2) Heinrich Heine..........................................................313 The Jewish Question: (3) Karl Marx .................................................................317 1848: “The Springtime of the Nations”.............................................................322 Emperor Napoleon III ........................................................................................329 Schopenhauer: The World as Will .....................................................................332 The Rise of America ...........................................................................................336 4. THE EAST: THE GENDARME OF EUROPE .............................................339 Introduction: Instinct and Consciousness.........................................................339 Tsar Nicholas I...................................................................................................343 The Russian Church and the Anglicans ............................................................348 The Jews under Nicholas....................................................................................351 The Autocephalous Church of Greece................................................................354 The Kollyvades Movement.................................................................................355 Russian Hegelianism .........................................................................................358 Russia and Europe: (1) Chaadaev vs. Pushkin ..................................................362 Russia and Europe: (2) Belinsky vs. Gogol........................................................371 Russia and Europe: (3) Herzen vs. Khomiakov .................................................377 Russia and Europe: (4) Kireyevsky....................................................................387 Russia and Europe: (5) Dostoyevsky.................................................................396 Kireyevsky on Autocracy ...................................................................................403 Tiutchev on Autocracy ......................................................................................407 The Crimean War ..............................................................................................415 Russian Caucasia...............................................................................................421 Russian America................................................................................................425 The Old Ritualists Acquire a Hierarchy............................................................427 Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow: Church and State........................................430 Ecumenicity and Nationalism ...........................................................................439 Conclusion: The Tsar and the Patriarch............................................................444 3 FOREWORD I will give him power over the nations, and he shall rule