The Place and the Role of Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production in the History of Hungarian Industry PhD Dissertation Motto "There be three things which make a nation great and prosperous, — a fertile soil, busy work- shops, and easy conveyance for men and commodities from one place to another." Lord Bacon Thanks to William Allen for assistance with the English text. The place names used in the dissertation are those in use officially at the time they are referred to in the text. Budapest, 2018 Sándor Malatinszky Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences (GTK) Doctoral School of Philosophy and History of Science 1 Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 Evolution of Steam Operated Narrow-gauge Railways ................................................. 8 2.1 The Place and the Role of Narrow-gauge Railways in National Railway Networks ............................. 12 2.2 The Construction of the Four Level Railway Network and the Introduction of Steam Operated Narrow-gauge Railways in Hungary ........................................................................................................ 16 3 Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production in Hungary ......................................... 20 3.1 From the Beginnings to 1905 ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.1 Industrial Railway – Narrow-gauge Local Railway. The Development of the Narrow-Gauge Railway Network in Hungary, after the Compromise of 1867 until 1905. ...................................................... 20 3.1.2 The starting of the narrow-gauge steam locomotive production, the setting up of the Hungarian industrial background ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.1.2.1 Steam Locomotive Builders and their Locomotives ....................................................... 29 3.1.2.2 Railway and Industrial Railway Workshops .................................................................. 40 3.1.3 The Inventions and Innovations on the Steam Locomotives ............................................................. 42 3.1.4 The Influence of the Austrian and German Locomotive Factories on the Hungarian Locomotive Builders ............................................................................................................................................. 43 3.2 The Golden Age of the Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production in Hungary (1906 - 4 July 1920) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.2.1 The Development of the Narrow-gauge Railway Networks in Hungary and in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy between 1906 and 4 July 1920. ........................................................................................ 45 3.2.2 The Development and the Standardisation of the Narrow-Gauge Steam Locomotive Production ... 46 3.2.2.1 Locomotive Manufacturers and their Steam Engines .................................................... 46 3.2.2.2 Railway and Industrial Railway Workshops .................................................................. 53 3.2.3 The Inventions and Innovations on the Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotives ..................................... 53 3.2.4 The Place and the Role of the Hungarian Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy ............................................................................................................ 54 3.3 Between the World Wars ........................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.1 The Development of the Narrow-gauge Railway Network in Hungary in the Time Period between the 5th July 1920 and the First Vienna Decision ................................................................................ 55 3.3.2 Development of the Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production .................................................. 57 3.3.2.1 MÁVAG, Budapest ........................................................................................................... 57 3.3.2.2 Railway and Industrial Railway Workshops .................................................................. 61 3.3.3 The Inventions and Innovations on the Steam Locomotives ............................................................. 61 3.3.4 The Place and the Role of the Hungarian Narrow-gauge Locomotive Production in the Successor States of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy ........................................................................................ 62 3.4 From 1939 to 1944 ...................................................................................................................................... 63 3.4.1 The Development of the Narrow-gauge Railway Network in Hungary between the First Vienna Decision and 1944 ............................................................................................................................. 63 3.4.2 The Development of the Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production ........................................... 64 3.4.2.1 MÁVAG, Budapest ........................................................................................................... 64 3.4.3 The Inventions and Innovations on the Steam Locomotives ............................................................. 66 3.4.4 The Influences and the Results of the Vienna Decisions................................................................... 66 3.5 The Second Golden Age of the Narrow-Gauge Steam Locomotive Production (1945-1957) ............... 67 3.5.1 The Development of the Narrow-gauge Network in Hungary after WWII ....................................... 67 2 3.5.2 The Development of the Narrow-Gauge Steam Locomotive Production .......................................... 69 3.5.2.1 MÁVAG, Budapest ........................................................................................................... 69 3.5.2.2 Railway and Industrial Railway Workshops .................................................................. 73 3.5.3 The Inventions and Innovations on the Steam Locomotives ............................................................. 74 3.5.4 The Important Events of the Era ....................................................................................................... 75 4 The Place and the Role of the Hungarian Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotive Production in the European Steam Engine Manufacturing ....................................... 78 5 Hungarian Narrow-Gauge Locomotives in the International Comparison .............. 82 6 Steam locomotives Today and Tomorrow in Hungary ................................................ 84 7 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 88 8 Literature ......................................................................................................................... 90 Annexes 1 The First Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotives in Hungary 2 The First Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotives Built in Hungary 3 The type 29 Standard Gauge and Type 51 760 mm Gauge Local Railway Locomotives of the MÁV Machine Factory 4 Type 70 Steam Locomotives of the MÁV Machine Factory 5 Industrial and Miscellaneous Narrow-Gauge Locomotives built in the MÁV Machine Factory and MÁVAG Works 6 Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotives built by the Weitzer János Machine Factory in Arad 7 Steam Locomotives built in the Railway Workshop of Rimamurány Salgótarjáni Vasmű Rt. 8 Standard Type Narrow-gauge Locomotives of the MÁV Machine Factory 9 Type 82 and 96 Narrow-gauge Locomotives of the MÁV Machine Factory 10 Type 128 Steam Locomotives of the MÁV Machine Factory 11 Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotives built by the MÁV Machine Factory and MÁVAG Works of Budapest 12 The Most Powerful Steam Locomotives built for 750, 760 and 762 mm Gauge Rail- ways 3 1 Introduction Having overcome all the difficulties caused by the revolution and the war of liberation 1848- 49, the Compromise of 18671 regularised the political and economic relations between Austria and Hungary and the industrialisation started in the old Kingdom of Hungary. New factories were built, increasing the industrial production year by year which required more and more coal for feeding the newly built steel furnaces and boilers of the steam operated machinery. New coal mines were opened after 1867. The opening and rapid development of coal fields de- manded new means of transportation, instead of horse drawn carriages and heavy wagons run- ning on dusty roads, on which the traffic was influenced by the extreme weather conditions of the Carpathian-basin2. New railways were built between the collieries and the steel workshops or the loading points. These railways had narrower track gauge than 1435 mm, standardised in England for public passenger service, and were operated by horse drawn trains. However, horsepower was not enough to fulfil the increasing transportation demands, therefore steam engines were put into service, replacing the horses on the busiest colliery lines in Hungary from 1870, only a few years after steam traction was introduced on the Ffestiniog Railway in Wales. Public passenger and freight traffic started on