Information Circular 9074 Underground Coal Mine Lighting Handbook (In Two Parts) 2. Application Compiled by W. H. Lewis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Robert C. Horton, Director Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Main entry under title: Underground coal mine lighting handbook. (Information circularlunited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines; 9074) Bibliographies. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 28.27: Contents: v. 1. Background-v. 2. Application. 1. Mine lighting. 2. Coal mines and mining. I. Lewis, W. H. (William H.) 11. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines); 9074. TN309.U47 Page Page Abstract ............................. 1 Chapter 3.-Lamps and ballasts ............ 21 Introduction .......................... 2 Criteria for lamp performance Chapter 1.-Light measuring techniques and characterization ..................... 21 instrumentation ....................... 2 Incandescent lamps .................... 22 Portable photoelectric photometers ......... 2 Principle of operation ................. 22 Photocell characteristics ............... 2 Life-efficacy relationship ............... 22 Color correction ..................... 2 Krypton-filled ...................... 24 Cosine correction .................... 3 Tungsten-halogen ................... 24 Sensitivity ........................ 3 Fluorescent lamps and ballasts ............ 25 Purkinje shift ...................... 3 Principle of operation ................. 25 Calibration ........................ 3 Types ............................ 25 Photometer zeroing .................. 4 Performance characteristics ............ 25 Temperature and humidity effects ........ 4 Fluorescent ballasts .................. 27 Contamination ..................... 4 Ballast heating and related design Stray light ........................ 4 considerations ..................... 28 Go, no-go coal mine photometer ........... 4 High intensity discharge lamps. high-pressure Making illuminance measurements ......... 4 sodium and mercury vapor ............ 28 Making luminance measurements .......... 5 Mercury vapor lamps .................. 29 Making reflectance measurements ......... 5 Functional description ................ 29 Other measuring instruments ............ 6 Efficacy-lumen output ................ 29 Chapter 2.-Illumination regulations for under- Spectral energy distribution ............ 29 ground coal mine environments and equipment . 7 Lamp life ......................... 29 The primary illumination standard and Effect of voltage variation .............. 30 its basis ........................... 7 Flicker ........................... 30 Applying the illumination standard in the Ballasts .... .'. .................... 30 mine environment .................... 7 High-pressure sodium lamps ............. 32 Additional standards for implementing face Principle of operation ................. 32 illumination systems .................. 8 Efficacy-lumen output ................ 32 Electrical requirements ............... 8 Lumen depreciation .................‘. 32 Antiflicker requirements .............. 10 Spectral energy distribution ............ 32 Requirements concerning luminaires in a Lamp life ......................... 33 blasting zone ...................... 11 Effect of voltage variation .............. 33 Antiglarerequirements ............... 11 Flicker ........................... 33 MSHA STE program ................... 11 Ballasts .......................... 33 Value of STE program to mine operators and Chapter 4.-Available mine lighting hardware . 36 some important limitations ............. 12 Overview ........................... 36 STE application process and information Hardware evaluation ................... 37 requirements ....................... 12 Ruggedness and durability ............. 38 Application form .................... 12 Electrical reliability .................. 40 Machine layout drawing ............... 13 System servicing .................... 42 One-line diagram .................... 13 Illumination performance .............. 43 Electrical schematic .................. 13 Miscellaneous ...................... 44 Light measurement data ............... 14 Chapter 5.-Design and evaluation of coal mine Short-circuit calculations illumination systems ................... 45 (longwall-stationary systems) .......... 16 Recommended design methodology ......... 45 Specifying optional equipment on STE Information collection and assembly ....... 45 applications ........................ 16 Generate illumination system concept MSHA review of STE applications ......... 16 alternatives ....................... 46 Modification of STE-approved designs ....... 17 Illumination system concept evaluation Requirements for installation of lighting considerations ..................... 48 systems ........................... 18 Install lighting system ................ 50 Inspection of face lighting systems ......... 18 Evaluate installed system .............. 50 Procedures for STE-approved systems ...... 19 Design methods and considerations ......... 50 Procedures for non-STE-approved systems . 19 Durability ......................... 50 Instruments and techniques for taking Component mounting methods and light measurements ................. 19 considerations ..................... 51 Additional requirements to improve Methods to evaluate and reduce discomfort visibility underground ............... 20 glare ............................ 56 CONTENTS- Continued Page Page Chapter 6.-Installing and maintaining mine Recommendations for minimizing lamp lighting systems ....................... 58 mortality and lamp replacement costs ...... Guidelines for system installation .......... 58 Assessing lamp costs ................. Preparation ........................ 58 Assessing increased lamp mortality in Mounting luminaires ................. 59 mine applications ................... Housing and connecting power conditioning Factors causing increased mortality of equipment ........................ 59 lamps in mine application ............. Cable installation ................... 60 Measures to improve lamp life and lamp Gland protection .................... 61 servicing suggestions .................. Guidelines for system maintenance ......... 61 Group relamping ..................... Maintenance approach ................ 61 Appendix A.-Federal specifications for lighting Exchange maintenance ................ 62 face equipment and coal mine,longwalls ...... Scheduled and preventive maintenance .... 62 Appendix B.-Specifications of available area Record keeping ..................... 63 luminaires and power-conditioning systems Maintenance training ................. 63 approved for application in underground coal mine working places .................... ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Function of color correcting filter on response of photocells ................................ 2 . Diffusing cover for cosine correction on photometers ..................................... 3 . Photocell orientation for making illumination measurements ............................... 4 . Photocell fitted with adapter for luminance measurements ................................ 5, Reflected-incident light comparison method for measuring reflectivity ........................ 6 . Luminance standard comparison technique for measuring reflectivity ......................... 7 . Resistance-grounded neutral grounding circuit ......................................... 8 . Longwall power distribution circuit for breaker setting calculation ........................... 9 . Intrinsically safe pilot circuit with explosion-proof connector ............................... 10. System layout drawing ......................................................... 11 . One-line diagram ............................................................. 12. Electrical schematic diagram ..................................................... 13. "Unfolded-box" diagram for presenting light measurement data ............................. 14. Significance of interreflections when taking light measurements in mine simulators .............. 15 . STE system approval plate ....................................................... 16. Procedure for using go, no-go photometer when clearance permits holding the meter 5 ft from entry walls . 17 . Procedure for using go, no-go photometer when clearance does not permit holding meter 5 ft from entry walls . 18 . Lamp mortality curve example .................................................... 19 . Common shapes of mine lamps and letter designations ................................... 20 . Construction of typical incandescent lamp ............................................ 21 . Spectral energy distribution of tungsten at 3,000 K ..................................... 22 . Effect of voltage variation on the operating characteristics of incandescent filament lamps .......... 23 . Construction of typical fluorescent lamp ............................................. 24 . Specular energy distribution curves for common fluorescent phosphor mixtures .................. 25 . Change in light output of a fluorescent lamp as a function of ambient temperature ............... 26 . Change in light output and wattage of a fluorescent lamp as a function of line voltage ............. 27 . Dual-lamp, series-sequence-type. rapid-start fluorescent ballast circuit ........................ 28 . Typical mercury vapor lamp construction ............................................ 29 . Spectral