http://www.socialjusticeeducation.org Tools for Building Justice, January, 2003 UNIT on Language Oppression final revision 1/10/03 Session outline: 1. Introduction and photos After a brief introduction on languages and the domination of English in the United States, students brainstorm the meaning and effect of the command: “Speak English!” What is the implied message about one’s own speech? Photos are distributed and discussed, and students brainstorm resistance and alliance interventions to discrimination against people whose first language is other than English. 2. Silenced Voices Students examine the mistreatment of immigrants whose first language is other than English, developing a base from which to construct a picture of language oppression in the United States. 3. English Only Students examine the mistreatment of children of immigrants and indigenous people whose first language, or ancestors’ first language, is other than English. The class then defines language oppression and explores institutional forms of English-Only discrimination in the United States 4. Monolingual Culture Students review facts about language oppression in the United States. The session concludes, optionally, with a speakout from students whose first language is other than English or students, acting as a “school board,” modifying current school practices and structures to promote a multilingual school with access for “todos nosotros”all of us. 5. Todos nosotros means all of us Students act as a “school board” to modify current school practices and structures to promote a multilingual school with access for “todos nosotros”all of us. Preparation for the unit If you have more than one or two students whose language of origin is other than English (bilingual students or monolingual students whose language is other than English), several options are indicated at the opening of session 1 (“bilingual introductions”) and the closing of sessions 3 and 4. Following option a, you will continue to session 5; following option b, you will conclude with session 4. You will have to assess the comfort and safety level for the non-English students and the resources you have to translate their words appropriately into English, not making them responsible for translation. Review the process entirely with these students prior to the unit, in confidentiality; use the “bilingual introduction” and “speak-out” options only with their agreement. Unit on language oppression 1 Session 1: Speak English Aims • To introduce the unit on language oppression • To identify and discuss day-to day conflicts affecting people whose first language is other than English Skills Students will: • Identify facets of the domination of the English language usage in day-to-day life • Identify negative effects of the conditioning of children to “speak English” only • Analyze depictions of conflicts involving English language domination and suggest resistance and alliance responses to conflicts Preparation If you have students who speak existing languages other than English (bilingual students or monolingual students whose language is other than English) and you have the resources to translate their words into English, ask them prior to beginning this unit if they would be comfortable, with support from you, with introducing the unit by welcoming students to it in their non-English languages. If they agree, proceed with option a; in all other cases, proceed with option b. You will need photographs for the group discussion Session Description After a brief introduction on languages spoken in the United States, students brainstorm the meaning and effect of the command: “Speak English!” What is the implied message about one’s own speech? Photos are distributed and discussed, and students brainstorm resistance and alliance interventions to discrimination against people whose first language is other than English. Session Outline 1. To Begin: Bilingual Introduction 10 minutes 2. Language 10 minutes 3. Speak English! 15 minutes 4. Photographs 15 minutes 5. Conclusion 5 minutes Agenda 1. To Begin: Bilingual Introduction 10 minutes a. (Option) Begin by having students who speak languages other than English and who have volunteered to do so introduce the unit by offering a simple welcome to all students in their own languages. Have remaining students simply listen to introductions for a few moments without translation. Have students consider, silently, what it might mean to them not to understand the language being spoken. Then, ask them to notice, silently, any urge to demand that the speech be translated. Then provide brief translation. Unit on language oppression 2 Have students think for a few moments about what it is like, in fact, to welcome other languages into the classroom: • Have students who conducted the introduction volunteer how it felt to them to be welcomed to speak in languages other than English; • Then have other students talk about what it was like to have other languages welcomed in the classroom. b. (Option) Begin by having students observe the classroom. What signs are there, on the walls, in the textbooks, in students and teachers’ interactions with each other, that English is the language spoken here? What would be different about any of these things if other languages were present and welcome? Close with the question: • Why have a multilingual culture? How would it benefit students in this classroom, at this school, and in the larger world to be able to live in a multilingual society? 2. Language 10 minutes Introduce the unit on language oppressionon how people may be discriminated against in the United States based upon languagereminding students of agreements. Explain that throughout the unit you will use “monolingual” to refer to people who speak one language fluently and “bilingual” to refer to people who speak at least two languages fluently. Continue with the following questions: • What are some examples of languages other than English spoken in the United States? Include examples from Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, Pacific Islands, the different parts of Asia and Africa, the Middle East, Australia and the North American continent itself. • What is the dominant language used in the United States? Give as many examples from daily life as you can, quickly and briefly, that show English is the taken-for-granted language to be used. • Give brief, one-sentence opinions, referring to U.S. history, about why English seems to dominate. Acknowledge that in many or most countries and cultures one language may as a matter of course be dominant. The problem comes when other languages, and speakers of other languages, are discriminated again. Review responses to the last questions and continue: • How large a role in English-language predominance in America, if any, was played by: o military conquest o occupation or annexation, or o exclusion of languages other than English by “English-only” laws or other means? 3. Speak English! 15 minutes Unit on language oppression 3 Have students prepare for visualization, sitting comfortably, closing their eyes or looking at the floor, &c. Reminding them of the heart exercise, invite them to think of themselves as young children, “hearts.” Ask them to imagine silently, in turn: • the first moments in which they began hear and understand words and sentences • the first moments in which they began to use words and sentences • the people who taught them their first words • how the latter responded when the first words came • what it was like to begin to hear, understand, and speak with others in the home • what it was like to begin to hear, understand, and speak with others outside the immediate home • how the earliest language learned from home, whether a language other than English or a variety of English, still affects them Continuing the visualization, inform students that you will be giving a command in a stern voice. Invite them to notice silently what thoughts or feelings arise when they hear the command. Repeat the command “Speak English!” in an imperative, measured voice several times. Allow a few moments of silence. Bring students out of the visualization to answer the following questions: • How did it feel to hear this voice? (Try to use feeling-words to answer). How might it make you feel about yourself? • What was the voice implying that you were not doing, or were doing wrong? • What was it telling you to do? • Suppose you were raised in a home where people you were close to regularly spoke with a regional dialect or “accent” of English: e.g. “Midwest” or “Southern” or “Appalachian” or “Texan” English. What would the command be telling you about the way you are speaking? About the people you were close to? About what you are supposed to do? • Suppose you were raised in a home where people regularly spoke a language other than English, e.g. Japanese, Tagalog, Spanish, Navajo, Italian. What would the command be telling you to about the way you are speaking? About what you are supposed to do? Write the words “language” and “culture” on the board, circling them and connecting them with a line. Have students build a word map to define culture, loosely, including following items: • one’s background or community • one’s heritage, or the history of the people they come from • part of one’s identity • the ways people live together, or • the ways they do things Close by asking students: • What connections can you draw between the first language one learns to speak and the culture one comes from? • What might be lost about language and/or culture when one language is made to be dominant or exclusive over other languages? Unit on language oppression 4 • How might this classroom be affected by suppressing the use of languages other than English? What might be lost by the students who speak those languages? By the students who don’t speak those languages? 4.