STUDY ON LATVIA'S PARTICIPATION IN EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY SINCE 2015 Public procurement No. IZM 2019/13 © Invent Baltics OÜ, September 2019 Authors: Tõnis Eerme, Oliver Lillestik Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Data collection methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Study samples ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2. Data collection methods ........................................................................................................................ 10 3. Economic impacts of the ESA contracts in Latvia .............................................................................. 14 3.1. Latvian ESA contractors ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.2. Completed research and development projects funded from Latvian PECS programme ................................................................................................................................................................. 15 3.3. Indirect industrial effects from the completed Latvian PECS activities ..................... 16 3.4. Latvian entities in ESA projects outside the PECS programme ....................................... 19 3.5. Impacts of feasibility studies funded from Latvian PECS programme ........................ 20 3.6. Impacts of education and awareness activities funded from Latvian PECS programme ................................................................................................................................................................. 22 4. Comparison with other national level studies ................................................................................... 24 4.1. Overview of national level studies .................................................................................................. 24 4.2. Samples of the reference studies ..................................................................................................... 25 4.3. Methodologies of the reference studies ....................................................................................... 25 4.4. Comparison with the Estonian study (2015) ............................................................................. 26 5. Legal background of future scenarios of ESA-Latvia cooperation .......................................... 28 5.1. Provisions of the ESA Convention .................................................................................................... 28 5.2. European Cooperating State ............................................................................................................... 29 5.3. ESA Associate Member State ............................................................................................................... 30 5.4. ESA Member State ..................................................................................................................................... 31 6. Comparison of alternative ESA-Latvia cooperation models ....................................................... 32 6.1. Available ESA-Latvia cooperation models .................................................................................. 32 6.2. Differences between alternative ESA-Latvia cooperation models ................................ 33 6.3. Similarities between alternative ESA-Latvia cooperation models ................................ 35 7. The experience of the Central and Eastern European countries in ESA .............................. 38 7.1. The Czech Republic .................................................................................................................................. 39 7.2. Romania ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 7.3. Poland .............................................................................................................................................................. 41 7.4. Estonia ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 2 7.5. Hungary .......................................................................................................................................................... 44 7.6. Slovenia .......................................................................................................................................................... 45 8. ESA programmes for Latvia .......................................................................................................................... 46 8.1. Third Party Programme ........................................................................................................................ 46 8.2. GSTP programme ...................................................................................................................................... 47 8.2.1. Overview of the programme ..................................................................................................... 47 8.2.2. Potential of Latvian entities in GSTP .................................................................................... 49 8.2.2.1. The assessment of Latvia’s potential by ESA ............................................................... 49 8.3. EOEP-5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 52 8.3.1. Overview of the programme ..................................................................................................... 52 8.3.2. Potential of Latvian entities in EOEP-5 Science for Society ..................................... 53 8.4. Other ESA optional programmes ...................................................................................................... 54 9. Policy recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 57 9.1. Latvia-ESA collaboration....................................................................................................................... 57 9.2. Latvian contribution to ESA ................................................................................................................ 58 9.3. Participation in ESA optional programmes ................................................................................ 59 9.4. Space governance in Latvia ................................................................................................................. 60 9.5. Support services to Latvian entities ............................................................................................... 62 3 1. Introduction The European Space Agency (ESA, www.esa.int) is an international organisation with 22 Member States. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world. The Member States of ESA are: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. ESA's headquarters are in Paris which is where policies and programmes are decided. ESA also has sites in a number of European countries, each of which has different responsibilities: EAC, the European Astronauts Centre in Cologne, Germany; ESAC, the European Space Astronomy Centre, in Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain; ESOC, the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany; ESRIN, the ESA centre for Earth Observation, in Frascati, near Rome, Italy; ESTEC, the European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, the Netherlands. ECSAT, the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. ESEC, the European space Security and Education Centre, Redu, Belgium. ESA employs around 2200 scientists, engineers, information technology specialists and administrative personnel from all the Member States. ESA's budget for 2019 is 5.72 billion Euros (Figure 1). ESA’s mandatory activities (space science programmes and the general budget) are funded by a financial contribution from all ESA’s Member States, calculated in accordance with each country’s gross national product. In addition, ESA conducts a number of optional programmes. Each Member State decides in which optional programme they wish to participate and the amount they wish to contribute. Basic Activities; 4,2% General Budget; 4,1% Telecom and Integrated Applications; 6,8% Earth Observation; 24,3% Scientific Programme; 9,2% Space Situational Awareness; 0,5% Technology Support; 2,1% Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration; 12,0% Prodex ; 1,2% Space Transportation; Navigation; 13,1% ECS Agreements; 22,5% 0,1% Figure 1 ESA budget by domain for 20191 Since 2004, thirteen European countries (EU-13) have joined the European Union. As of August 2019, all these countries have established formalized