nutrients Dietary Supplements Edited by Johanna T. Dwyer and Paul M. Coates Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Dietary Supplements Special Issue Editors Johanna T. Dwyer Paul M. Coates MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Johanna T. Dwyer Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health USA Paul M. Coates Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2017–2018 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special_issues/dietary_supplements). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name Year, Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 ISBN 978-3-03842-921-0 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-922-7 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Dietary Supplements” .................................... ix Johanna T. Dwyer, Paul M. Coates and Michael J. Smith Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources doi: 10.3390/nu10010041 ........................................ 1 Jos´e Miguel Mart´ınez-Sanz, Isabel Sospedra, Eduard Balad´ıa, Laura Arranz, Roc´ıo Ortiz-Moncada and Angel Gil-Izquierdo Current Status of Legislation on Dietary Products for Sportspeople in a European Framework doi: 10.3390/nu9111225 ........................................ 25 Jos´e Miguel Mart´ınez-Sanz, Isabel Sospedra, Christian Manas ˜ Ortiz, Eduard Balad´ıa, Angel Gil-Izquierdo and Rocio Ortiz-Moncada Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports doi: 10.3390/nu9101093 ........................................ 41 Ethan M. Balk and Alice H. Lichtenstein Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Summary of the 2016 Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence Review doi: 10.3390/nu9080865 ........................................ 63 Angela M. Devlin, Cecil M. Y. Chau, Roger Dyer, Julie Matheson, Deanna McCarthy, Karin Yurko-Mauro, Sheila M. Innis and Ruth E. Grunau Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial doi: 10.3390/nu9090975 ........................................ 76 Carmen Lambert, Judit Cubedo, Teresa Padr´o, Joan S´anchez-Hern´andez, Rosa M. Antonijoan, Antonio Perez and Lina Badimon Phytosterols and Omega 3 Supplementation Exert Novel Regulatory Effects on Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways: A Proteomic Study doi: 10.3390/nu9060599 ........................................ 93 Floyd H. Chilton, Rahul Dutta, Lindsay M. Reynolds, Susan Sergeant, Rasika A. Mathias and Michael C. Seeds Precision Nutrition and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Case for Personalized Supplementation Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases doi: 10.3390/nu9111165 ........................................109 Sujatha Rajaram, Ellen Lan Yip, Rajneesh Reghunathan, Subburaman Mohan and Joan Sabat´e Effect of Altering Dietary n-6:n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio with Plant and Marine-Based Supplement on Biomarkers of Bone Turnover in Healthy Adults doi: 10.3390/nu9101162 ........................................135 Cecilia Tullberg, Gerd Vegarud, Ingrid Undeland and Nathalie Scheers Effects of Marine Oils, Digested with Human Fluids, on Cellular Viability and Stress Protein Expression in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells doi: 10.3390/nu9111213 ........................................144 iii Luiza Halmenschlager, Alexandre Machado Lehnen, Aline Marcadenti and Melissa Medeiros Markoski Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation Differentially Modulates the SDF-1/CXCR-4 Cell Homing Axis in Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats doi: 10.3390/nu9080826 ........................................157 Christine L. Taylor, Christopher T. Sempos, Cindy D. Davis and Patsy M. Brannon Vitamin D: Moving Forward to Address Emerging Science doi: 10.3390/nu9121308 ........................................169 Clare F. Dix, Judith D. Bauer, Ian Martin, Sharon Rochester, Briony Duarte Romero, Johannes B. Prins and Olivia R. L. Wright Association of Sun Exposure, Skin Colour and Body Mass Index with Vitamin D Status in Individuals Who Are Morbidly Obese doi: 10.3390/nu9101094 ........................................184 Paulette D. Chandler, Deirdre K. Tobias, Lu Wang, Stephanie A. Smith-Warner, Daniel I. Chasman, Lynda Rose, Edward L. Giovannucci, Julie E. Buring, Paul M. Ridker, Nancy R. Cook, JoAnn E. Manson and Howard D. Sesso Association between Vitamin D Genetic Risk Score and Cancer Risk in a Large Cohort of U.S. Women doi: 10.3390/nu10010055 ........................................199 Patsy M. Brannon and Christine L. Taylor Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy and Infancy: Uncertainties and Implications for Research and Policy doi: 10.3390/nu9121327 ........................................210 Yanan Li, Han Jiang and Guangrong Huang Protein Hydrolysates as Promoters of Non-Haem Iron Absorption doi: 10.3390/nu9060609 ........................................227 Roberto Aquilani, Ginetto Carlo Zuccarelli, Anna Maria Condino, Michele Catani, Carla Rutili, Consiglia Del Vecchio, Pietro Pisano, Manuela Verri, Paolo Iadarola, Simona Viglio and Federica Boschi Despite Inflammation, Supplemented Essential Amino Acids May Improve Circulating Levels of Albumin and Haemoglobin in Patients after Hip Fractures doi: 10.3390/nu9060637 ........................................245 Francesca Uberti, Vera Morsanuto, Sabrina Ghirlanda and Claudio Molinari Iron Absorption from Three Commercially Available Supplements in Gastrointestinal Cell Lines doi: 10.3390/nu9091008 ........................................265 Abby G. Ershow, Sheila A. Skeaff, Joyce M. Merkel and Pamela R. Pehrsson Development of Databases on Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements doi: 10.3390/nu10010100 ........................................283 Wolfgang Marx, Laisa Teleni, Rachelle S. Opie, Jaimon Kelly, Skye Marshall, Catherine Itsiopoulos and Elizabeth Isenring Efficacy and Effectiveness of Carnitine Supplementation for Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis doi: 10.3390/nu9111224 ........................................303 iv Jean Nyakayiru, Kristin L. Jonvik, Jorn Trommelen, Philippe J. M. Pinckaers, Joan M. Senden, Luc J. C. van Loon and Lex B. Verdijk Beetroot Juice Supplementation Improves High-Intensity Intermittent Type Exercise Performance in Trained Soccer Players doi: 10.3390/nu9030314 ........................................327 Ewa Sadowska-Krepa, Barbara Kłapcinska, ´ Ilona Pokora, Przemysław Domaszewski, Katarzyna Kempa and Tomasz Podg´orski Effects of Six-Week Ginkgo biloba Supplementation on Aerobic Performance, Blood Pro/Antioxidant Balance, and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Physically Active Men doi: 10.3390/nu9080803 ........................................337 Chia-Chi Wang, Shu-Cheng Lin, Shu-Ching Hsu, Ming-Ta Yang and Kuei-Hui Chan Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Optimal Individual Post- Activation Potentiation Time of the Upper Body in Canoeists doi: 10.3390/nu9111169 ........................................348 David Phelan, Alfonso Prado-Cabrero and John M. Nolan Stability of Commercially Available Macular Carotenoid Supplements in Oil and Powder Formulations doi: 10.3390/nu9101133 ........................................358 P. Blaise Collins, Conrad P. Earnest, Ryan L. Dalton, Ryan J. Sowinski, Tyler J. Grubic, Christopher J. Favot, Adriana M. Coletta, Christopher Rasmussen, Mike Greenwood and Richard B. Kreider Short-Term Effects of a Ready-to-Drink Pre-Workout Beverage on Exercise Performance and Recovery doi: 10.3390/nu9080823 ........................................368 Takashi Uebanso, Saki Kano, Ayumi Yoshimoto, Chisato Naito, Takaaki Shimohata, Kazuaki Mawatari and Akira Takahashi Effects of Consuming Xylitol on Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Mice doi: 10.3390/nu9070756 ........................................387 Elle McKenna, Alexis Hure, Anthony Perkins and Ellie Gresham Dietary Supplement Use during Preconception: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health doi: 10.3390/nu9101119 ........................................399 Stacey K. O’Brien, Eva Malacova, Jill L. Sherriff and Lucinda J. Black The Prevalence and Predictors of Dietary Supplement Use in the Australian Population doi: 10.3390/nu9101154 ........................................411 Alissa J. Burnett, Katherine M. Livingstone, Julie L. Woods and Sarah A. McNaughton Dietary Supplement Use among Australian Adults: Findings from the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey doi: