Notes and References 1 The Temperance Reformation 1. John Edgar, A Complete View oftlu Principles and Objects of Temperance Societies (Bradford, 1831). 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. The moderation pledge bound the member to abstain from all distilled beverages and to drink others in moderation. One could take spirits if the doctor prescribed it for one's health. 6. William Collins, speech at the first public meeting of the Bradford Temperance Society printed as a tract in Bradford, 1830. 7. Temperance Penny Magazine, V, 54 (May 1840) p. 76. 8. Ibid. 9. Thomas Whittaker, Life's Battles in Temperance Armour ( 1892) p. 98. 10. Rev. D. S. Wayland, Temperance Penny Magazine (October 1840). 11. Leeds Temperance Society, Minutes, 9 March 1831. 12. Dawson Burns, Temperance History, vol. I, (London, circa 1889) p. 44. 13. Ibid., p. 54. 14. Samuel Couling, History of the Temperance Movement (London, 1862) p. 48. 15. Many of these merchants had themselves come from working-class backgrounds and knew the importance of not dissipating one's meagre resources on drink. 16. Doctors were often accused of leading women in particular to drink by prescribing spirits for any real or imaginary ailment. 17. Burns, Temperance History, p. 43. 18. Ibid., p. 54. 19. Couling, History of the Temperance Movement, pp. 44--5. 20. Burns, Temperance History, p. 60. 21. Ibid. 22. Jackson helped form twenty-three new societies and pledged over 1000 in this first year as the Bradford agent. Bradford Temperance Society, Second Annual Report, 29 June 1832. 23. Burns, Temperance History, p. 76. 24. Ibid., p. 60. 25. The loyalty and commitment to the temperance cause by many of its advocates were frequently commented on. For opponents it bordered on 'fanaticism'. 26. In the south of England the Quakers were often the only group supporting temperance. See Life of William Gregson, J. G. Shaw (Blackburn, 1891) for the story of a northern teetotaller hired by Quakers in Brighton for work among the poor. 27. Many Friends bought large numbers of temperance tracts and then hired a working-class man to distribute them. William Wilson ofBradford paid for 250 Notes and Riferences half a million tracts and hired Thomas Worsnop to distribute them (F. Butterfield, The Life and Sayings of Thomas Worsnop the Great Apostle of Total Abstinence in the North of England (Bingley, 1870) p. 17). 28. This money was all donated by individual Friends as an act of charity, not by any official Quaker body. 29. William Livesey, The Earliest Days of the Teetotal Movement (private circulation, 1900) p. 131. 30. See Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (London, 1971) Chapter 3 for a full discussion of the Beer Act of 1830. 31. Ibid., p. 82. 32. The London newspaper Echo wrote more than a half century later 'Notwithstanding the persistent propaganda of the teetotallers, beer is still the national drink of Englishmen' (6June 1885) clvii. 33. The British and Foreign Moderation Society kept going until 1848 but its last years were spent in obscurity. Couling, History of the Temperance Movement, p. 171. 34. See Couling, ibid., pp. 117-19 for a description of the 'most tumultuous meeting ever held' in Exeter Hall. This meeting was physically disrupted over the issue of moderation and teetotalism. 35. Englishmen were becoming notorious for their excessive drinking - to be 'as drunk as an Englishman' was a common expression in France. 'You English are a nation of drunkards' said one foreigner according to Henry Ellison, honorary chaplain to the Queen. (The Temperance Riformation Movement in the Church of England, Henry J. Ellison (London, 1878) p. 32.) 36. Joseph Livesey, Staunch Teetotaler (London, 1869) p. 10. 37. William Pickwell, The Temperance Movement in the City of York (York, 1886) pp. 10--11. 38. Ibid., p. 9. 2 The Teetotal Lifeboat I. See page 10 above. 2. Sam Couling, History of the Temperance Movement (London, 1862) p. 54 disagreed with this usually accepted version of the birth of teetotalism. He believed the movement orginated in Scotland in the Dunfermline Temperance Society. 3. Preston Temperance Advocate, November 1836. The use of the lifeboat throughout the nineteenth century was popular. In parades there was often a float depicting a lifeboat with the crew of temperance men, ready 'to rescue those drowning in drink'. The Independent Order of the Good Templars (see below, Chapter 7), as a work of charity, bought a lifeboat and gave it to one of the fishing ports. At temperance entertainments, which became very popular in the last three decades of the century, temperance men would dress up as a lifeboat crew and sing songs about rescuing the intemperate. Keighley Visitor, December 1866. 4. The Teetotaler, 25 July 1840. 5. See joseph Livesey or any other account of the early days of teetotalism for a description of these meetings. Notes and References 251 6. J. Livesey, Staunch Teetotaler, p. 86. 7. 'Some Reminiscences of a Pioneer' in The British Temperance Advocate ( 1885) p. 55. 8. Ibid., p. 56. 9. William Pallister, Essays, Chiefly on the Temperance Questions (Leeds, 1849) p. 28. 10. Francis Butterfield, The Life and Sayings of Thomas Worsnop (Bingley, 1870) p. 14. II. Mrs Charles Wightman, Haste to the Rescue (London, 1860) p. 22. 12. William Livesey, The Earliest Days of the Teetotal Movement (private circulation, 1900) p. 168. 13. The Temperance Advocate, 28June 1862. 14. Livesey, Staunch Teetotaler, p. 70. 15. Wightman, Haste to the Rescue, p. 23. 16. The Temperance Advocate, 28June 1862. 17. Whittaker, Life's Battles in Temperance Armour, p. 233. 18. George Lucas, Reply to Charges Against Teetotalism (Leeds, 1851). 19. T. E. Bridgett, The Discipline of Drink (London, 1876) p. 214. 20. Joseph Peter Draper,}ubilee Sketch ofthe Fitzroy Teetotal Association (London, 1889) p. 109. 21. Thomas Whittaker, Brighter England and the Way tolt (London, 1891) p. 175. 22. Joseph Livesey, whenever he found himself in a public carriage or any other such situation where there was a captive audience, always found a way to introduce the topic of temperance to his fellow travellers. Staunch Teetotaler, p. 167. 23. Ibid., p. 86. 24. In 1844 there was a debate raging in one of the temperance journals as to which class was the most important to the cause of teetotalism; the working class or the middle class. Metropolitan Temperance lntelligencer and Journal, 23 March 1844. 25. Whittaker, Brighter England, p. 175. 26. Butterfield, Thomas Worsnop, p. 39. 27. Ibid., p. 24. 28. Lees v Gough: speech by Edward Grubb, 15July 1858, printed as a tract in 1858. 29. In 1839 at the British Temperance Association's conference in Liverpool a resolution was passed stating that the movement should be careful about whom they hired for their work and that personal testimonials were not worth much and only accredited agents of larger societies of general associations should be employed. The Teetotaler, 24 April 1841. 30. Keighley Visitor,July 1861. 31. Collins speech. 32. Preston Temperance Advocate, March 1837. 33. Pallister, Essays, p. 124. 34. When the temperance societies held their processions it was a common practice to have a special section of the parade reserved for reformed drunkards, who marched together proud of their particular status. 35. British Temperance Advocate and journal, !5 January 1839. 36. W. Livesey, Earliest Days, p. 146. 252 Notes and Riferences 37. The Teetotal Times, April 1846. 38. W. Livesey, Earliest Days, p. 50. 39. The Temperance Advocate, 3 May 1862. 40. Keighley Visitor, I July 1867. 41. Lucas, Repf:y to Charges. 42. John Swindon, Teetotalism Unmasked (Leeds, 1864). 43. Ibid. 44. Brian Harrison, 'The Temperance Question in England, 1829-1869' (unpublished Oxford DPhil thesis, 1966) p. 179. 45. The Rev. William Hudswell, 'The Great Discussion, Moderation v. Total Abstinence' report of meeting held at Music Hall, 21 June 1836, printed as a tract. 46. Ibid., speech by B. Crossley. 47. Wightman, Haste, p. 4. 48. See William Pickwell, The Temperance Movement in the City of York (York, 1886) for a discussion of the two societies and the Northern Temperance Witness ( 1845) for a description of the Bradford working class temperance group. See also Shiman, Crusade Against Drink in Victorian England (unpublished PhD thesis, Wisconsin, 1970) ch. III. 49. Peter Winskill, The Temperance Movement, vol. 3, p. 14. 50. D. S. Wayland, 'Reasons for Not Supporting Total Abstinence Societies as at present Constituted ', Temperance Penny Magazine, October 1840, p. 156. 51. British Temperance Advocate, March 1885, p. 38. 52. Whittaker, Life's Battles in Temperance Armour, p. 98. 53. The Teetotaler, 28 August 1841. 54. Winskill, Temperance Movement, vol. 1, p. 183. 55. Couling, History of the Temperance Movement, p. 267; Minutes, Leeds Temperance Society, 24 August 1848. 56. Preston Temperance Advocate, Supplement, July 1836, p. 7. 57. Band of Hope Chronicle, April 1896. 58. M. E. Docwra, 'Woman's Work in the Victorian Era' paper read at the Women's Total Abstinence Union meeting in 1897, reprinted as a tract. 59. Ervine, Stjohn, God's Soldier (New York, 1935) p. 27. 60. Whittaker, Life's Battles in Temperance Armour, p. 98. 61. W. Livesey, Earliest Days, p. 124. 62. Butterfield, Thomas Worsnop, p. 14. 63. William Farish, Autobiography of William Farish (Chester, 1889). 64. ]. Livesey, Staunch Teetotaler, p. 238. 65. Northern Temperance Witness, 1845. 66. Unpublished note in minute book of the Bradford Long Pledge Association. 67. Minutes of the Educational Institute of the Bradford Long Pledge Association (unpublished). 68. Ibid. 69. Minutes of the Bradford Long Pledge Association (unpublished) . 70. Ibid. 71. Preston Temperance Advocate, September 1834. 72. Lucas, Repf:y to Charges. 73. Keighley Visitor, October 1861. Notes and References 253 74.