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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 3 0 0 North Z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0001955 Relationships among the schemata of perceptual-motor behavior: Input patterns, system dynamics, and movement patterns Hah, Sehchang, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 Copyright ©1089 by Hah, Sehchang. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Relationships Among the Schemata of Perceptual-Motor Behavior: Input Patterns, System Dynamics, and Movement Patterns DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sehchang Hah, B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by R. J. Jagacinski H. G. Shulman T . E. Nygren of Psychology Copyright by Sehchang Hah 1989 To My Parents, and Children, Hina and Sehjung ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Richard J. Jagacinski for his advice, guidance, and support while I was at The Ohio State University. I also thank Dr. Harvey Shulman for his constant support of my studies and for his participation in my various committee meetings. Thanks also go to Dr. Thomas E. Nygren who served on my dissertation committee. I wish to express appreciation to Drs. Jacqueline Herkowitz, F. Gregory Ashby, and Barbara Forsyth for their support. I also thank my family for their understanding and encouragement. VITA February 12, 1948 ..... Born, Seoul, Korea. 1970-1973 .............. Military service (Army), Korea. 1975 .................... B.A., Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. 1975-1978 .............. Machinist, Chicago, Illinois. 1978-1979 .............. Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 1980 & 1981 ............ Graduate Research Associate, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1982-1988 .............. Research Assistant, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Dublin, Ohio. 1984 .................... M.A., Human Performance in Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. PAPERS Hah, S. (1984). Progression and regression effects in tracking behavior. Unpublished master's thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Tolle, J. E. & Hah, S. (1985). Online search patterns: NLM CATLINE Database. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 36. (2), 82-93. Jagacinski, R. J. & Hah, S. (1988). Progression - regression effects in tracking repeated patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology; Human Perception and Performance. 14 (1), 77-88. Hah, S. & Hickey, B. T. (1989). Document display with gray levels incorporating psychophysical characteristics of brightness. OCLC Online Computer Library Center Technical Report (in press). Dublin, OH. FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: Human Performance in Experimental Psychology. Studies in Human Performance: Professors R. J. Jagacinski & H. Shulman. Studies in Mathematical Psychology: Professor F. G. Ashby. Studies in Physiological Psychology: Professor D. R. Meyer. Studies in Motor Learning: Professor J . Herkowitz. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................... ii VITA ................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................... X LIST OF SYMBOLS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS .... xii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 What is a Schema? Different Views ............ 4 The Successive Organization of Perception (SOP) Model ................................... 7 A Comparison of Position and Rate Control Systems ........................................ 14 The Possible Relationships Among the Schemata of the Input Pattern, the System Dynamics, and the Movement Pattern .......... 17 Experimental Design ............................ 22 Predicted Error Patterns ...................... 26 Constraints of the Experiment ................. 28 Weak and Strong Hypotheses Concerning the Three Schemata ............................ 29 Weak Hypothesis ................................ 30 Strong Hypothesis .............................. 34 Performance Measures ........................... 37 II. METHOD Subjects ........................................ 40 Apparatus ....................................... 40 Procedure ....................................... 42 III. RESULTS Screening Trials ............................... 45 Learning ........................................ 45 Initial Transfer ............................... 57 Weak and Strong Hypotheses .................... 64 Weak Hypothesis ................................ 65 Strong Hypothesis .............................. 70 The Summary of the Results of the Weak and Strong Hypotheses ........................ 75 Comparisons of Movement Patterns on Block 12 . 76 Movement Pattern as a Variable in the Model instead of the Input Pattern ................. 78 Comparison between the Experimental Conditions and Control Condition on T r a n s f e r ....................................... 82 Summary ......................................... 84 IV. DISCUSSION Input Reconstruction Model Revisited ......... 86 vii Learning .............................. ........... 87 Experimental Evidence for the Dominance of the Schema of the Movement Pattern over Other Schemata on Transfer ................... 88 Supporting Evidence for the Schema of the Movement Pattern from Other Research ........ 90 The Schema of the System Dynamics ............ 93 Theoretical Implications of the Current Experimental Results ........................ 94 Conclusion ....................................... 100 APPENDIX INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECTS ......................... 103 LIST OF REFERENCES ................................. 108 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGE 1. t-values to show the learning effect from Block 1 to Block 12 and Block 13 to Block 16 ........................... 46 2. Weights on variables of the Input Reconstruction Model (Bg: offset, B ^ : weight on position of input, B2 : wexght on velocity of input) and the proportion of the variance accounted for by the model for the ensemble-averaged trajectory for each group of subjects .................. 49 3. Mean absolute error (ABS) and mean absolute deviation error (DABS) in degrees of visual angle on Block 13 ....... 66 4. Weak hypothesis, transfer performance, and t-values for each hypothesis ......... 67 5. Strong hypothesis, transfer performance, and t-values for each sub-hypothesis ....... 71 6. Weights on variables of the movement model (Bg: offset, B ^ : weight on position of movement, B2 : weight on velocity of movement) and the proportion of the variance accounted for by the model for the ensemble-averaged trajectory for each group of subjects ..... 80 7. Group performance differences of mean absolute error in degrees of visual angle on transfer ............................ 83 ix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1. A weak hypothesis regarding a position control system .............................. 9 2. A weak hypothesis regarding a rate control system .............................. 11 3. The schemata and the predicted error patterns .............................. 24 4. Characteristics of the five conditions concerning the input patterns, the system dynamics, and the movement patterns and the transfer conditions of the experiment .................................. 27 5. A strong hypothesis regarding a position control system .............................. 31 6. A strong hypothesis regarding a rate control system .............................. 32 7. Ensemble-averaged movement pattern on Block 12 ................................. 47 8. Weights on the input velocity .............. 50 9. Ensemble-averaged tracking error and the model fit for Condition A ......... 52 10. Ensemble-averaged tracking error and the