Electromagnetic Effects of Metamaterials with Negative Parameters

Electromagnetic Effects of Metamaterials with Negative Parameters

Electromagnetic effects of metamaterials with negative parameters Filipa Isabel Rodrigues Prudêncio Dissertation submitted for obtaining the degree of Master in Electrical and Computer Engineering Jury President: Professor José Bioucas Dias Supervisor: Professor Carlos Manuel dos Reis Paiva Co-Supervisor: Professor António Luís Campos da Silva Topa Member: Professor Maria Emília da Costa Manso November, 2009 Abstract This thesis has as central goal: the analysis of the electromagnetic wave propagation in the double negative media (DNG). The interest on this topic has been increasing worldwide while potential applications of complex media are being proposed in different areas, such as optical devices, radar and mobile communications, microwaves and invisibility cloaks. The most exciting property of the DNG medium, the negative refraction, is also carefully investigated in this thesis. Unusual propagation characteristics of these metamaterials are studied, namely the Poynting and wave vectors are antiparallel, thereby creating backward waves and the anomalous dispersion in DNG metamaterial interfaces. The guided electromagnetic wave propagation in planar structures containing both double positive media (DPS) and DNG materials is approached. The DNG interface will logically require a dispersive model, such as the Lorentz’s model, which is also discussed. Neglecting losses in the dispersive model may lead to unphysical solutions. The numerical results for negative refractive index media show that the dispersive model for the permeability and the permittivity must include losses. The DNG dielectric slab shows the existence of super slow modes and mode bifurcation. The electromagnetic wave propagation in DNG waveguiding structures based on the H-guide is also introduced. Hybrid longitudinal-section electric (LSE) and longitudinal- section magnetic (LSM) modes are studied. Finally, the double-slab DNG/DPS H-guide and the H-guide directional coupler are addressed: it is shown that both co-directional and contra- directional coupling effects may take place in these structures. Keywords Double negative media, Complex media, Metamaterials, Negative refraction, Planar waveguides, Backward waves, Material dispersion and losses, H-guides, Directional couplers, Microwaves, Photonics. i ii Sumário Esta dissertação tem como estudo central a propagação de ondas electromagnéticas em meios complexos, nomeadamente metamateriais DNG. Tem surgido, por todo o mundo, um grande interesse neste tema por parte de investigadores e cientistas. Este estudo de meios complexos inovadores tem sido aplicado em diversas áreas, tais como, antenas, mantos de invisibilidade, super lentes e também aplicações no domínio das microondas e da óptica. A existência de um índice de refracção negativo neste tipo de materiais é considerado por muitos cientistas como a propriedade mais importante dos metamateriais DNG. Algumas características de propagação destes metamateriais foram referidas, sendo estas fisicamente diferentes dos resultados obtidos em materiais que encontramos na natureza. Pode salientar-se o aparecimento de ondas regressivas no caso em que o vector de Poynting é anti-paralelo ao vector de onda, assim como a existência de dispersão material nas interfaces dos metamateriais DNG. O estudo da propagação electromagnética guiada em estruturas planares, contendo simultaneamente meios DNG e DPS está subjacente em todos os capítulos de desenvolvimento desta dissertação. Na análise da interface DNG-DPS é necessário incluir-se o modelo dispersivo de Lorentz, com perdas, para que haja significado físico durante a evolução do índice de refracção efectivo em função da frequência. No estudo da placa dieléctrica DNG-DPS surge o aparecimento de modos super lentos, assim como o conceito da bifurcação de modos. Por último, e igualmente interessante, a análise da propagação electromagnética guiada em estruturas derivadas do guia H é introduzida. Os modos híbridos LSE e LSM propagam-se nesta estrutura sendo também objecto de estudo. Seguidamente, analisam-se estruturas como a dupla placa dieléctrica DNG/DPS com guia H e o acoplamento direccional DNG/DPS com guia H que permitem a identificação de extraordinários efeitos físicos. Estas estruturas exibem nos seus diagramas de dispersão regiões de acoplamento co-direccional e contra-direccional. iii Palavras-chave Meios duplamente negativos, Meios complexos, Metamaterials, Refracção negativa, Guias planares, Ondas regressivas, Material dispersivo, guias-H, Acopladores direccionais, Microondas, Fotónica. iv Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Carlos Paiva for supporting me to on this thesis and helped me with suggestions and comments. Also, I would like to express my gratitude to my co-supervisor Professor António Topa for his attention and for all the invaluable discussions about some of the results presented in this work. Finally, my thoughts go to my family and to my friends for their sensible advises and optimism. v vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................I KEYWORDS ............................................................................................................................I SUMÁRIO..............................................................................................................................III PALAVRAS-CHAVE............................................................................................................IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................V TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................IX LIST OF ACRONYMS .........................................................................................................XI LIST OF SYMBOLS ..........................................................................................................XIII CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1. 1 State of the art............................................................................................................................ 2 1. 2 Motivations and objectives........................................................................................................ 5 1. 3 Structure of dissertation............................................................................................................. 7 1. 4 Main Contributions.................................................................................................................... 9 References ...................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2........................................................................................................................... 13 PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION IN DNG MEDIA ......................................................... 13 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Classification of material media.............................................................................................. 15 2.3 Metamaterial characterization .................................................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Dispersion.............................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.1.1 Group velocity and velocity of energy transport................................................................ 27 2.3.1.2 Lorentz’s model.................................................................................................................. 29 2.3.2 Transmission and Reflectivity............................................................................................... 31 2.3.3 Negative refraction ................................................................................................................ 32 2.3.3.1 Snell’s Law......................................................................................................................... 34 2.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 3........................................................................................................................... 37 PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN DNG GUIDES .................. 37 vii 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 38 3.2 DPS-DNG Interface.................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Energy on the DPS-DNG interface ....................................................................................... 49 3.3 DNG dielectric slab .................................................................................................................

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    104 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us