ENTRO Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office BARO-AKOBO-SOBAT MULTIPURPOSE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT STUDY BASELINE, DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS, KEY ISSUES AND OBJECTIVES REPORT Annex 3: Socio-economic environment V.1 March 2016 CONTENT OF ANNEX 3 Annex 3-A Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part of the basin Annex 3-B Socio-economic environment in the South Sudanese part of the basin Annexes Annex 3-A: Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part of the basin d:\projet_baro_akobo\800838_baro_akobo_sebat\30_deliverables\a3_baseline_report\annexes\annex_3_socio_economics\annexes_titles.docx / JM Citeau;S Crerar Baro-Akobo-Sobat multipurpose water resources development study - Baseline study Annex 1 – Physical environment BARO-AKOBO-SOBAT MULTIPURPOSE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STUDY - BASELINE STUDY Annex 3-A Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part of the basin 1. POPULATION DYNAMICS .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Size 1 1.2 Population Distribution and Density 2 1.2.1 Population Growth 4 1.2.2 Age Dependency Ratio/Population Pyramid 4 1.2.3 Mobility and Rural-Urban/Urban-Rural Migration 4 1.2.4 Refugees 5 1.2.5 Resettlement and Communization (Villagization) 8 1.2.6 Resettlement and Villagization in Gambella Region 9 1.2.7 Resettlement and Villagization in Benishangul-Gumuz Region 10 1.3 Population-Related Issues 10 2. EDUCATION AND HEALTH .......................................................................... 12 2.1 KEY EDUCATION INDICATORS 12 2.2 Health Status and Trends 14 2.2.1 Health Status 14 2.2.2 Nutrition 15 2.2.3 Health Issues 16 2.2.4 Summary of Health Issues 16 3. GENDER RELATIONS................................................................................... 17 3.1 Status of Women In Ethiopia 17 3.2 Gendered Division of Labour in regions in the BAS Basin 17 3.2.1 Gambella Region 17 3.2.2 Benishangul-Gumuz Region 17 3.2.3 SNPPR Region 18 3.2.4 Oromia Region 18 d:\projet_baro_akobo\800838_baro_akobo_sebat\30_deliverables\a3_baseline_report\annexes\annex_3_socio_economics\baseline_annex_3a.docx / JM Citeau;S Crerar Baro-Akobo-Sobat multipurpose water resources development study - Baseline study Annex 3-A Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part of the basin 4. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION .............................................. 19 4.1 Central, state, regional and local Government 19 4.2 Socio-ethnic Groups in Ethiopian part of the Sub-Basin 20 4.2.1 Oromia Region 20 4.2.2 Gambella Region 21 4.2.3 Benishangul-Gumuz Region 23 4.2.4 SNNPR 24 4.2.5 Religions affiliation 25 4.2.6 Implications for Development Initiatives in the basin 25 5. CONFLICTS ................................................................................................... 26 5.1 Introduction 26 5.2 Types of Conflicts 26 5.2.1 Intra-ethnic Conflicts 27 5.3 Summary 28 5.4 Conclusion 28 6. LAND TENURE .............................................................................................. 30 6.1 Introduction 30 6.2 Water Security 30 6.3 Food Security and Humanitarian Assistance 30 6.4 Security of Livelihoods 30 6.5 Summary of Issues 31 6.6 Conclusion 31 7. ECONOMIC STATUS..................................................................................... 32 7.1 Occupations and Household Income 32 7.1.1 Introduction 32 7.1.2 Agriculture 32 7.1.3 Non-Farm Activities 32 7.1.4 Other Sources of Income 33 7.1.5 Public Assistance 34 7.2 Expenditure 35 7.2.1 Food 35 7.2.2 Non-Food Items 35 7.3 Asset Ownership 37 7.4 Poverty Levels, Distribution and Trends 38 7.5 Summary 40 8. INFRASTRUCTURE....................................................................................... 42 d:\projet_baro_akobo\800838_baro_akobo_sebat\30_deliverables\a3_baseline_report\annexes\annex_3_socio_economics\baseline_annex_3a.docx / JM Citeau;S Crerar Baro-Akobo-Sobat multipurpose water resources development study - Baseline study Annex 3-A Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part of the basin 8.1 Water Supply and Sanitation 42 9. AGRICULTURAL MARKETS ........................................................................ 43 9.1 Markets in the Baro Akobo Basin in Ethiopia 43 9.2 Mechanization 44 9.3 Potential 44 10. KEY ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE BAS BASIN.......................................................... 45 10.1 Introduction 45 10.2 Key issues, challenges and opportunities 45 d:\projet_baro_akobo\800838_baro_akobo_sebat\30_deliverables\a3_baseline_report\annexes\annex_3_socio_economics\baseline_annex_3a.docx / JM Citeau;S Crerar Baro-Akobo-Sobat multipurpose water resources development study - Baseline study Annex 3-A Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part of the basin TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Distribution of the region’s population in the Ethiopian part of the basin ......................... 2 Figure 1-2: Population density in the BAS basin ................................................................................ 3 Figure 1-3: Location and Population of Refugee Camps in Ethiopia ................................................. 6 Figure 1-4: Refugee Camp Sites and Population in Gambella Region .............................................. 7 Figure 1-5: View of refugee camp in Bambasi Woreda, Benishangul-Gumuz Region ...................... 8 Figure 1-6: Shift of Source of Income in a New Village ..................................................................... 9 Figure 1-7: Scene from a Villagisation Centre in Benishangul-Gumuz ............................................ 10 Figure 2-1: Net Enrolment Rate in the Basin's Regions (Grade 1-8) (2013/14) .............................. 13 Figure 2-2: Availability of Basic Facilities in Secondary Schools ..................................................... 14 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Key demographic characteristics - Ethiopia ...................................................................... 1 Table 1-2: Population Distribution by Region in Ethiopian Part of the Basin ..................................... 1 Table 1-3: Proportion of population of administrative level 2 (Zones) within BAS ............................. 2 Table 1-4: Population Growth Rate and Density in Regions in the BAS Basin in Ethiopia ............... 4 Table 1-5: South Sudanese refugee population in Gambella (October 2015) ................................... 6 Table 2-1: Key Education Indicators ................................................................................................ 12 Table 2-2: Adult Literacy Rate Aged 15 Years and Older in the Ethiopian Part of the Basin (%) .................................................................................................................................. 12 Table 2-3: NER Trends at Primary Level (Grade 1-8)...................................................................... 12 Table 2-4: Net Enrolment Rates for Secondary School (9-10) and Preparatory (11-12) ................. 13 Table 2-5: Number of TVETs in Ethiopia and in the Basin Regions (2013). .................................... 13 Table 2-6: Health indicators ............................................................................................................. 15 Table 2-7: Trends in Nutritional Status of Children under age 5 (2000-2014). ................................ 15 Table 4-1: Zones,Woredas and Urban/Rural Kebeles by Region .................................................... 19 Table 4-2: Distribution of Religious Groups in Ethiopian Area of the Sub-Basin ............................. 25 Table 5-1: Inter-and Intra-ethnic Conflicts in the Ethiopia Side of Sub-Basin .................................. 26 Table 7-1: Percent of households reporting one or more NFE by type of NFE, region and place of residence, Ethiopia 2014 .................................................................................. 33 Table 7-2: Households reporting other income and income received by source, 2014 ................... 34 Table 7-3: Households reporting other income by source, region, and place of residence, Ethiopia 2014 (%) ........................................................................................................... 34 Table 7-4: Households receiving assistance by region and place of residence, 2014 (%).............. 35 Table 7-5: Household expenditure in the last year by place of residence, 2014 ............................. 36 Table 7-6: Households and average expenditure in the past month by place of residence, 2014 ................................................................................................................................ 36 Table 7-7: Asset Ownership by Place of Residence, 2104 .............................................................. 37 Table 7-8: Key Indicators of Poverty and Inequality in Ethiopia (2000-2011) .................................. 38 Table 7-9: Poverty Headcount Ratio by Region ............................................................................... 39 Table 7-10: Population below the poverty line and Change in Regions in the Ethiopian Part of the Basin ..................................................................................................................... 39 d:\projet_baro_akobo\800838_baro_akobo_sebat\30_deliverables\a3_baseline_report\annexes\annex_3_socio_economics\baseline_annex_3a.docx / JM Citeau;S Crerar Baro-Akobo-Sobat multipurpose water resources development study - Baseline study Annex 3-A Socio-economic environment in the Ethiopian part