! ! "#!$%&!'(()&(!*+!! ,-.-#/!0*#$1*22&3!4#3!546-$)42!7-1&!8(&! Testing the strengths of the short chronologies with focus on Western Eurasia Written by Lars Johan Sterner Cover Design created by Channel 4 Published by Associated Newspapers Ltd (2010) Author: Lars Johan Sterner Course: Master Research and Thesis Course code: ARCH 1044WY Student number: 1101080 Supervisor: Prof. dr. Wil Roebroeks Specialisation: Palaeolithic Archaeology, Palaeoecology University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, May 29th 2012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Address: Quelkhorner Landstr. 109 28870 Ottersberg Germany E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +49 (0)1520 5452100/+46 (0) 76 8490990 ! !"#"$%&'()'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*)$&+'$,--.'-$/0$1232)4$5/)&(/66'7$8)7$98:2&.86$;2('$<-'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=8>"$?@A?$ Table of Contents !"#$%&'()*(+($,- ................................................................................................... /$ 0.$ 1$,2%)3",4%$ ......................................................................................................... 5$ 6.$ 7(,8%)%'%*9 ........................................................................................................ :$ 6.0.$ ;(-(<2"8=>8(+(...................................................................................................... :$ 6.6.$ ;(-(<2"8=?%"3-=@A(24%)B=<2(<C............................................................................ :$ 6.D.$ ;(-(<2"8=EFG(",4H(-.............................................................................................0I$ 6.J.$ ;(-(<2"8=7(,8%) ..................................................................................................0I$ 6./.$ K4+4,<,4%$-=<$)="8<''($*(-................................................................................00$ D.$ K%$*=L82%$%'%*4(-=@<=-8%2,=%H(2H4(&C......................................................06$ D.0.$ 1$,2%)3",4%$............................................................................................................06$ D.6.$ ;4"8<2)=M2<$*8<+N-=89A%,8(-4-.....................................................................06$ D.D.$ O%8$=P%&'(,,N-=89A%,8(-4-..................................................................................0D$ D.J.$ !=-8%2,="%++($,=%$=,8(='%$*="82%$%'%*9.....................................................0/$ J.$ !=-8%2,="82%$%'%*9=%Q=8<F4,3<'=Q42(=3-(.....................................................0R$ J.0.$ 1$,2%)3",4%$............................................................................................................0R$ J.6.$ 7(,8%)%'%*9=<$)=S<,<-(, ..................................................................................0R$ J.D.$ ;(-3',- ......................................................................................................................0:$ B"C"A"$ D'48&2E'$'E27')F'$/0$02('$.-'$0(/3$&+'$'8(6>$G6'2-&/F')'$8)7$02(-&$+860$/0$ =2776'$G6'2-&/F')'$H.(/I' """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" AJ$ B"C"?"$ G/-2&2E'$'E27')F'$/0$02('$.-'$0(/3$&+'$-'F/)7$+860$/0$=2776'$G6'2-&/F')'$ H.(/I'$?K$ J.J.$ TH<'3<,4%$................................................................................................................6:$ B"B"A"$ 1'-&2)4$&+'$-&(')4&+$/0$)'48&2E'$'E27')F'$/0$02('$.-'$0(/3$&+'$H8(6>$ G6'2-&/F')'$8)7$02(-&$+860$/0$=2776'$G6'2-&/F')'$H.(/I'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ?J$ B"B"?"$ 1'-&2)4$&+'$-&(')4&+$/0$'E27')F'$0/($+8:2&.86$02('$.-'$0(/3$&+'$-'F/)7$ +860$/0$=2776'$G6'2-&/F')'$H.(/I' """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" CL$ J./.$ L%$"'3-4%$...............................................................................................................J/$ B"K"A"$ HE86.8&2)4$&+'$-&(')4&+$/0$&+'$-+/(&$F+(/)/6/4> """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" BK$ /.$ !=-8%2,(2="82%$%'%*9=%Q=8<F4,3<'=Q42(=3-( ................................................J5$ /.0.$ 1$,2%)3",4%$............................................................................................................J5$ /.6.$ 7(,8%)%'%*9=<$)=S<,<-(, ..................................................................................JR$ /.D.$ ;(-3',- ....................................................................................................................../6$ K"C"A"$ G(238(>$'E27')F'$/0$D'8)7'(&86$02('$.-'$8)7$F6238&'$8&$G'F+$7'$6MNO'$,P $ K?$ K"C"?"$ %'F/)78(>$'E27')F'$/0$02('$8&$G'F+$7'$6MNO'$,P"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" KB$ K"C"C"$ G(238(>$'E27')F'$/0$D'8)7'(&86$02('$.-'$8)7$F6238&'$8&$Q/F$7'$=8(-86KR$ K"C"B"$ %'F/)78(>$'E27')F'$/0$02('$8&$Q/F$7'$=8(-86 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" KS$ K"C"K"$ 5/3I8(2-/)$/0$G'F+$7'$6MNO'$,P$8)7$Q/F$7'$=8(-86 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" KS$ K"C"R"$ HTI682)2)4$&+'$I8&&'()$/0$2)0('U.')&$02('$.-'$8&$G'F+$7'$6MNO'$,P$8)7$Q/F$ 7'$=8(-86"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" KJ$ /.J.$ TH<'3<,4%$................................................................................................................U0$ K"B"A"$ 1'-&2)4$&+'$-&(')4&+$/0$2)0('U.')F2'-$2)$D'8)7'(&86$02('$.-'$2)$('68&2/)$ &/$F6238&'$8&$G'F+$7'$6MNO'$8)7$Q/F$7'$=8(-86""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" RA$ /./.$ L%$"'3-4%$...............................................................................................................UJ$ U.$ K4+4,<,4%$-=%Q=,8(=V8%2,=<$)=V8%2,(2=L82%$%'%*4(-..............................U5$ 5.$ >8(=%3,'4(2=P(-8(2=W($%,=X<Y<Z%H ..............................................................U:$ 5.0.$ 1$,2%)3",4%$............................................................................................................U:$ 5.6.$ W<"#*2%3$).............................................................................................................U:$ $ A$ !"#"$%&'()'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*)$&+'$,--.'-$/0$1232)4$5/)&(/66'7$8)7$98:2&.86$;2('$<-'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=8>"$?@A?$ 5.D.$ 7(,8%)%'%*9...........................................................................................................50$ 5.J.$ ;(-3',- ......................................................................................................................56$ L"B"A"$ N(F+8'/6/42F86$'E27')F'$/0$02('$8&$VWX""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" L?$ L"B"?"$ N6I'(-/)YN026$8)7$V/(')Y,):8(M-$+>I/&+'-2-$/0$F/)&(/66'7$8)7$+8:2&.86$ 02('$.-'$8&$VWX"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" LB$ 5./.$ TH<'3<,4%$................................................................................................................5:$ L"K"A"$ 1'-&2)4$&+'$-&(')4&+$/0$&+'$'E27')F'$/0$8)&+(/I/4')2F$02('-$8&$VWX """"" LJ$ L"K"?"$ *)$-I8&286$72-&(2:.&2/)$I8&&'()-$8)7$Z2)E2-2:6'M$+'8(&+- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" LJ$ L"K"C"$ N)&+(/I/4')2F$E-$)8&.(86$02('-$8&$VWX """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" SK$ 5.U.$ L%$"'3-4%$...............................................................................................................:6$ R.$ ?4$<'=S4-"3--4%$ ................................................................................................:D$ :.$ ?4$<'=L%$"'3-4%$................................................................................................:5$ 0I.$ ?3,32(=E3,'%%#=[=>32$4$*=8(<,=4$,%='4*8,...............................................:R$ 0I.0.$ V3**(-,4%$-=%$=8%&=,%=,(-,=,8(=-,2($*,8=%Q=$(*<,4H(=(H4)($"(=%Q= Q42(\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\. :R$ 0I.6.$ V3**(-,4%$-=%$=8%&=,%=)(H('%A="'(<2=Q2<+(&%2#-=Q%2=<$,82%A%*($4"= Q42(=<$)=,8(=H<24%3-=Q42(=A2<",4"(-...............................................................................::$ ;(Q(2($"(- ............................................................................................................... 0ID$ !F-,2<", .................................................................................................................... 00/$ = = = = = = = = = = = = = $ ?$ !"#"$%&'()'($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*)$&+'$,--.'-$/0$1232)4$5/)&(/66'7$8)7$98:2&.86$;2('$<-'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=8>"$?@A?$ List of Figures Figure 1. Topographic profile of the Sima del Elefante stratigraphical sequence. .................................................................................................................... 20$ Figure 2. a) Synthetic stratigraphical sequence of Gran Dolina, a) Topographical sequence of the infill at Gran Dolina ........................................................... 22$ Figure 3. Synthetic stratigraphical sequence of Caune de IʼArago .................... 22$ Figure 4. Number of sites with good evidence of fire per 10 ky in Europe from the second half of the Middle Pleistocene………………………………………… 28$ Figure 5. Properties of the empirically derived model of taphonomic bias……… 39$ Figure 6. Flint flake from Campitello Quarry covered in birch-tar adheisive some 200,000 years ago testifying to genuine pyrotechnological skill.................. 45$ Figure 7.a) Excavated units at Pech de lʼAze IV, b) position of the cave site in relation to cliff behind and the vertical slope of the valley in front of the terrace……………………………………………………………………………. 49$ Figure 8. Map of Roc de Marsal indicating excavated units................................ 50$ Figure 9. Area excavated by Lafille at Roc de Marsal between