Notes Introduction 1. Theodor W. Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, ed. J. M. Bernstein (New York: Routledge Classics, 2001); Howard Eiland and Michael W. Jennings, Walter Benja- min: A Critical Life (Cambridge, MA: Belnap, 2014). 2. Daniel Leonard Bernardi, Star Trek and History: Race-ing toward a White Future (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998). 3. Star Trek (original series), “The Ultimate Computer,” 1968. 4. Bernardi, Star Trek and History, 130. 5. Ibid., 134. 6. Ibid., 127. 7. Ibid., 136. 8. Ibid., 116. 9. For example, see Robin Roberts, Sexual Generations: “Star Trek: The Next Generation” and Gender (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999). 10. David Greven, Gender and Sexuality in Star Trek: Allegories of Desire in the Television Series and Films (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 2009). 11. The animated television series Justice League (Unlimited) is sharply critical of US foreign policy in the contemporary period. George A. Gonzalez, “Justice League (Unlimited) and the Politics of Glo- balization,” Journal of Foundation: The International Review of Sci- ence Fiction 45, no. 123 (forthcoming 2016). 12. Jacques Rancière, Aesthetics and Its Discontents, trans. Steve Corco- ran (Malden, MA: Polity, 2009). Chapter 1 1. Rick Worland, “Captain Kirk: Cold Warrior,” Journal of Popular Film and Television 16, no. 3 (1988): 110. 194 Notes 2. Mark P. Lagon, “‘We Owe It to Them to Interfere:’ Star Trek and U.S. Statecraft in the 1960s and the 1990s,” in Political Science Fiction, ed. Donald M. Hassler and Clyde Wilcox (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 235. 3. Keith M. Booker, “The Politics of Star Trek,” in The Essential Sci- ence Fiction Reader, ed. J. P. Telotte (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008), 197. 4. Nicholas Evan Sarantakes, “Cold War Pop Culture and the Image of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Perspective of the Original Star Trek Series,” Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no. 4 (2005), 74– 103. 5. Modernism is a set of normative values that privileges reason and secularism, as opposed to obscurantism and political religion (i.e., theocracy). Peter Childs, Modernism (New York: Routledge, 2007). 6. Jacques Rancière, Aesthetics and Its Discontents, trans. Steve Corco- ran (Malden, MA: Polity, 2009). 7. Daniel Bernardi, Star Trek and History: Race- ing toward a White Future (Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998). 8. The invocation of Abraham Lincoln is arguably reflective of a globalist outlook insofar as his persona is admired worldwide as a great liberator. Richard Carwardine and Jay Sexton, eds., The Global Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). 9. Roland Vegso, The Naked Communist: Cold War Modernism and the Politics of Popular Culture (New York: Fordham University Press, 2013). Star Trek’s creators appear to challenge the putative normative argument that ostensibly served as the basis of the Cold War in “Errand of Mercy” (1967) when a Klingon commander says to Captain Kirk: “You of the Federation, you are much like us.” KIRK: We’re nothing like you. We’re a democratic body. KLINGON: Come now. I’m not referring to minor ideologi- cal differences. I mean that we are similar as a species . Two tigers, predators, hunters, killers, and it is precisely that which makes us great. 10. The Next Generation, “Encounter at Farpoint,” 1987. 11. Kirk tells the Yangs that the United States Constitution “was not written for chiefs or kings or warriors or the rich and powerful, but for all the people!” Notes 195 12. While Nicholas Evan Sarantakes thoughtfully acknowledges that Star Trek cannot be reduced to pro-American propaganda, he nevertheless holds that “in episodes involving foreign policy, the Klingons represent the Soviet Union.” Sarantakes, “Cold War Pop Culture,” 78. 13. Christian Domenig, “Klingons: Going Medieval on You,” in Star Trek and History, ed. Nancy R. Reagin (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013). 14. Jacqueline S. Ismael, Kuwait: Dependency and Class in a Rentier State (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1993); Giovanni Arrighi with Beverly Silver, Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999); Immanuel Wallerstein, World- Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004); Harold Kerbo, World Poverty: The Roots of Global Inequality and the Modern World Sys- tem (New York: McGraw- Hill, 2005). 15. John Dickie, Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2006); Letizia Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 16. Booker, “Politics of Star Trek,” 205– 6. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., 202– 3. 19. Lagon, “‘We Owe It to Them to Interfere,’” 246. 20. Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); and The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development, and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present (Cornell University Press, 2010); Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2007). 21. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978); Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Jason K. Duncan, John F. Kennedy: The Spirit of Cold War Liberalism (New York: Routledge, 2013). 196 Notes 22. Expressing the selfless politics of twenty- third- century earth (speaking to Edith Keeler in 1930s in New York City), Captain Kirk explains, “Let me help. A hundred years or so from now, I believe, a famous novelist will write a classic using that theme. He’ll recommend those three words even over I love you” (“City on the Edge of Forever” 1967). Chapter 2 1. Jennifer E. Porter, “To Boldly Go: Star Trek Convention Atten- dance as Pilgrimage,” in Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, ed. Jennifer E. Porter and Darcess L. McLaren (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999); Karen Anijar, Teaching Toward the 24th Century: Star Trek as Social Curriculum (New York: Routledge, 2000); Lincoln Geraghty, Living with Star Trek: American Culture and the Star Trek Universe (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007). 2. Karin Blair, Meaning in Star Trek (New York: Warner, 1977); and “The Garden in the Machine: The Why of Star Trek,” Journal of Popular Culture 13, no. 2 (1979): 310–19; Ina Rae Hark, “Star Trek and Television’s Moral Universe,” Extrapolation 20, no. 1 (1979): 20– 37; Jane Elizabeth Ellington and Joseph W. Crite- lli, “Analysis of a Modern Myth: The Star Trek Series,” Extrapo- lation 24, no. 3 (1983): 241–50; Taylor Harrison et al., eds., Enterprise Zones: Critical Positions on Star Trek (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996); Richard Hanley, The Metaphysics of Star Trek, or, Is Data Human? (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Jon Wagner and Jan Lundeen, Deep Space and Sacred Time: Star Trek in the American Mythos (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998); Robin Roberts, Sexual Generations: “Star Trek: The Next Generation” and Gen- der (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999); Nicholas Evan Sarantakes, “Cold War Pop Culture and the Image of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Perspective of the Original Star Trek Series,” Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no 4 (2005): 74–103; David Greven, Gender and Sexuality in Star Trek: Allegories of Desire in the Television Series and Films (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 2009). 3. John Corry, “Something about Star Trek Talks to Every Man,” New York Times, June 10, 1984, H25. 4. Carlin Romano, America the Philosophical (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012). Notes 197 5. William Tyrrell, “Star Trek as Myth and Television as Mythmaker,” Journal of Popular Culture 10, no. 4 (1977): 711– 19; Lincoln Ger- aghty, ed., The Influence of Star Trek on Television, Film and Cul- ture (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 2007). 6. Gregory Claeys, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Litera- ture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 7. Donald M. Hassler and Clyde Wilcox, eds., New Boundaries in Political Science Fiction (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008). 8. Freedman, Carl, “Science Fiction and Utopia: A Historico- Philosophical Overview,” in Learning from Other Worlds, ed. Patrick Parrinder (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 74, emphasis in original; also see Tom Moylan, ed., Demand the Impossible: Science Fiction and the Utopian Imagination (New York: Methuen, 1986). 9. Peter Singer, Marx: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). 10. Gérard Klein, “From the Images of Science to Science Fiction,” in Learning from Other Worlds, ed. Patrick Parrinder (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001). 11. Alan Shapiro, Star Trek: Technologies of Disappearance (Berlin: Avi- nus, 2004). 12. Star Trek, the original series, “Space Seed,” 1967. 13. “The Borg gain knowledge through assimilation. What they can’t assimilate, they can’t understand” (“Scorpion” 1997; Star Trek: Voyager). 14. During The Next Generation episode “Attached” (1993), it is noted that Earth’s world government was formed in 2150. 15. Ibid. 16. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: Pluto, 1996 [1917]). 17. Christopher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Rout- ledge, 2005). 18. Ulrich Beck and Ciaran Cronin, Cosmopolitan Vision (Cambridge: Polity, 2006). 19. Daryl Johnson and Mark Potok, Right- Wing Resurgence: How a Domestic Terrorist Threat Is Being Ignored (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012); Joseph E. Uscinski and Joseph M. Parent, American Conspiracy Theories (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014). 198 Notes 20. Mark Mozower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 26– 30. 21. Frank Biermann, Earth System Governance: World Politics in the Anthropocene (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).