OccAsioNAl PApERs/ REpRiNTS SERiEs 0 iN CoNTEMpORARY t AsiAN STudiEs NUMBER 7 - 1980 (36) CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS: SELECTED STUDIES tl Edited by F. Gilbert I Chan & Ka-che Yip, 0• with contributions by June T. Dreyer, Robert G. Sutter, Robert L. Worden and Byron S. J. Weng ScltoolofLAw UNiVERSiTy of MARylANd~ ~ Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies General Editnr: Hungdah Chiu Acting Executive Editor: David Salem Editorial Advisory Board Professor Robert A. Scalapino, University of California at Berkeley Professor Martin Wilbur, Columbia University Professor Gaston J. Sigur, George Washington University Professor Shao-chuan Leng, University of Virginia Professor Lawrence W. Beer, University of Colorado Professor James Hsiung, New York University Dr. Robert Heuser, Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law at Heidelberg Dr. Lih-wu Han, Political Science Association of the Republic of China Professor K. P. Misra, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India Professor J. S. Prybyla, The Pennsylvania State University Professor Toshio Sawada, Sophia University, Japan Published with the cooperation of the Maryland International Law Society. All contributions (in English only) and communications should be sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu, University of Maryland School of Law, 500 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, ~aryland 21201 USA. All publications in this series reflect only the views of the authors. While the editor accepts responsibility for the selection of materials to be published, the individual author is responsible for statements of facts and expressions of opinion contained therein. Subscription is US $10.00 for 8 issues (regardless of the price of individual issues) in the United States and Canada and $1~.00 for overseas. Check should be addressed to OPRSCAS and sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu. Price for single copy of this issue: US $3.00 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ······•···•·······•····················································· AcKNOWLEDGMENTS ii INTRODUCTION China's Foreign Relations: Some Observations F. Gilbert Chan & Ka-che Yip ............................... 1 CHAPTER ONE The Role of Ethnicity in the Sino-Soviet Dispute June T. Dreyer ......................................................... 8 CHAPTER Two The Evolution of China's Approach to the Soviet Union and the United States Robert G. Sutter ....................................................... 38 CHAPTER THREE TAIWAN: A CRUCIAL QuESTION IN UNITED STATEs-CHINA RELATIONS Robert L. Worden .................................................... 57 CHAPTER FouR Unification and Modernization: Two Dimensions of China's New Taiwan Policy Byron S. J. Weng .................................................... 78 GLOSSARY OF CHINESE NAMES ................................................ 101 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .....•................................................... 102 CoNTRIBUTORS ......................................................................... 105 TABLES ···················································································· 106 INDEX....................................................................................... 109 TO: cRo~alind anJ cRut:h <'With ..£orJe ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CCP Chinese Communist Party CDSP Current Digest of the Soviet Press CKTC Chung-kuo tsa-chih [China Magazine], Taipei CPPCC Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CQ China Quarterly CSNT Ch'i-shih nien-tai [The Seventies], Hong Kong ETR East Turkistan Republic FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service GLF Great Leap Forward IOC International Olympic Committee JMJP Jen-min jih-pao [People's Daily] KMT Kuomintang MPR Mongolian People's Republic MPYK Ming-pao yueh-k'an [Ming-pao Monthly], Hong Kong NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCNA New China News Agency NPC National People's Congress NYT New York Times PLA People's Liberation Army PQLI Physical Quality of Life Index PR Peking Review (Beijing Review since January 1979) PRC People's Republic of China ROC Republic of China SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty SCMP Survey of the China Mainland Press SUAR Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region UN United Nations us United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS While preparing for this volume, we have benefited from the invaluable assistance of 0. Edmund Clubb and Te-kong Tong, our former professors at Columbia University. We are also thankful for the support of Leonard H. D. Gordon of Purdue University, George P. Jan of University of Toledo, Sheldon W. Simon of Arizona State University, and Shirin Tahir-Kheli of Temple University. No ex­ pression of appreciation is adequate for the generous help given to us by Hungdah Chiu of the University of Maryland. We are indebted, in particular, to our inspiring teacher, C. Martin Wilbur of Columbia University, for his guidance and instruction. His dedication to teaching and historical research, his impeccable scholarship, and his selfless devotion to his students have always fascinated us. We are indeed privileged to have studied at Columbia under his supervision. It seems customary for either an author or an editor of a book to acknowledge the support of his spouse. We owe our wives, Rosalind and Ruth, much more than we can possibly express with such a mere token of appreciation. Their understanding, their sympathy, and their affection have sustained us through the long hours of research. To them, we dedicate this book with all our love. INTRODUCTION CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS: SOME OBSERVATIONS F. Gilbert Chan & Ka-che Yip This book is not a comprehensive study of China's foreign policy; it offers instead a selective treatment of China's relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the United States (US), and Taiwan. With the possible exception of June Dreyer's chapter, which chronicles the rivalries between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the USSR along the Sinkiang border, the book concen­ trates on the developments of the 1970s. The contributors of this volume have come from different backgrounds, although all of them received their graduate training from major American universities. Bryon Weng, now teaching at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, is a Taiwanese, while Gilbert Chan and Ka-che Yip were brought up in the British colony of Hong Kong. To them, the Taiwan problem may be more than an academic issue, and their analyses of the subject often reflect the emotional dilemma of many Chinese intellectuals who have no political connection with either the Kuomintang (KMT) or the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The views expressed by these three contributors on the question of Taiwan obviously do not represent the opinions of either the editors of the Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies or the School of Law at the University of Maryland. From 1968 through February 1977, Robert Sutter was a Chinese foreign policy analyst at the Central Intelligence Agency. He and Robert Worden are now associated with the Library of Congress. June Dreyer worked in the same library before she started to teach at the University of Miami. While their experiences in these govern­ ment agencies have brought a new dimension to their studies, their interpretations of China's foreign relations do not reflect the views of the US government. THE SINO-SOVIET CONFRONTATION China's decision against renewing the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, which expired in 1980, was not unexpected. The hostility and suspicion which marked the (1) 2 CoNTEMPORARY AsiAN STUDIEs SERIES relations of the two Communist powers for the last twenty years had rendered the treaty virtually meaningless. Indeed, as Harry Schwartz noted in the mid-1960s, the alliance was "unnatural" because of the "conflicting ... national interests of these two great nations."' In 1969, Harrison Salisbury of the New York Times openly discussed "the coming war between Russia and China."2 The causes of the Sino-Soviet dispute are complicated and fundamental, and Franz Michael is incorrect to dismiss it as simply "a power struggle for the leadership of the Communist bloc."3 The peoples of the PRC and the USSR have been shaped by different histories and traditions. They are further separated by the wide gap in their economic and technological developments. Thanks to the dissimilar revolutionary realities in China and Russia, the leaders of the two Communist parties have pursued different national goals through different political strategies. Moreover, even prior to Khrushchev's attacks on Stalin in 1956, the USSR had not been overly generous toward China. The credit of 300 million dollars which Stalin extended to the PRC in the 1950 treaty compared poorly with the loan of 450 million dollars granted to Poland two years earlier.4 The Sino-Soviet dispute along the Sinkiang border, as described by June Dreyer in the second chapter of this volume, clearly illustrates some of the differences which have brought about the 1. Schwartz, Tsars, Mandarins, and Commissars: A History of Chinese-Russian Relations (revised edition; Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, 1973}, p.3. 2. Salisbury, The Coming War Between Russia and China (London: Pan Books Ltd., 1969). 3. See Michael's statement in Sino-Soviet Conflict: Report on Sino-Soviet Conflict and Itslmplications, submitted by the Subcommittee on the Far East and the Pacific, Committee on Foreign Affairs, US