1954-2004 CERN H e rmordes o ff[F2y years cf research SCIENCES HISTOIRE EDITIONS SUZANNE HURTER Contents Foundations for European science 1954 CERN is created by 12 European countries to revive science on the continent 2 Franwis de Rose: A noble cause 7 1955 On neutral territory Geneva is chosen as the site for the future Laboratory 10 Maurice Bourquin: The Geneva spirit in the field of science 14 1957 A place for theorists The theory group, initially hosted in Copenhagen, is the first group to be created 16 Jacques Prentki: All good friends 18 Tatiana Faberg:Theory in practice 20 1957 A machine for learning The first accelerator, the Synchrocyclotron (SC), begins Operation 22 Franco Bonaudi: Great enthusiasm 26 1958 Already a discovery! Experiments begin at the Synchrocylotron (SC) and important results soon appear 28 Giuseppe Fidecaro: The news went around the world 30 1959 The heut of CERN The Proton Synchrotron (PS), an innovative and powerful accelerator, starts up 32 Günther Plass: A dream come true 36 1959 The dark side of the muon A series of experiments on the muon begins and will last more than 20 years 38 Francis Farley: What invention is all about 40 1961 A new direction CERN gains new drive by adopting new long-term planning 42 Mervyn Hine: Still more applied physics! 44 1963 The collider way An experimental accelerator, CESAR, tests new, essential techniques for colliders 46 Heribert Koziol: On the hunt with CESAR 48 1963 Sharing knowledge The training service is created to contribute to CERNs obligation to educate and inform 50 Rafel Carreras: A brightly coloured flower 52 1965 Tracing particles Bubble and spark chambers become widely used detectors 54 George Kalmus: A beautiful technique 58 Madeleine Znoy: Detective work 60 1965 Bytes for physics The first supercomputer starts analyzing data 62 Paolo Zanella: Something useful? 64 1967 The nucleus as a laboratory ISOLDE, a unique facility to study nuclear physics, is set up 66 Helge Ravn: An exotic place 68 1968 An electronic revolution The multi-wire proportional chamber revolutionizes detection techniques 70 Georges Charpak: Out of the bottleneck 72 1970 East meets West CERN sets up a collaboration for common experiments with Soviet Institutes 74 Nicolas Koulberg: Genuine and equal partners 76 1971 Protons head-on The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), the first hadron collider, begin Operation 78 Kjell Johnsen: Founder of a dynasty 80 Maurice Jacob: Ups and downs 82 1971 A flexible design The OMEGA spectrometer, adaptable to a wide range of experiments, is put in place 84 Emanuele Quercigh: Physics with friends 86 1973 A gargantuan discovery The irrefutable signature of neutral currents is the first very big discovery at CERN 88 Violette Brisson:The glimmer of a diamond 90 1974 A new order The theory of supersymmetry is developed 94 Julius Wess Bruno Zumino: Fascinating in its own right 96 1976 A two-stage rocket The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), an accelerator with 7 kilometre circumference, starts up 98 Robert Levy-Mandel: A well-knit team 100 Ted Wilson: Plan B 102 1977 The particle that is almost nothing New experiments using neutrino beams are installed, continuing a CERN tradition 104 Jack Steinberger: An excellent tool 106 Klaus Winter: Interactions in marble 108 1978 Peering inside protons EMC is the first of a series of experiments to investigate what protons are made of 110 Barbara Badelek: Something truly fundamental 112 1980 Antiprotons an ICE Techniques for accumulating antiprotons pave the way for a novel proton-antiproton collider 114 Simon van der Meer Vinod Chohan: In record time 116 1981 Green light for the big machine 118 The Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) project is approved Herwig Schopper: Winning approval 120 1983 The end of the alphabet The W and Z particles, carriers of the weak force, are discovered 122 Carlo Rubbia: A marvellous adventure 124 Pierre Darriulat: Outstanding talent 126 1983 Back to low energies The Low-Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) is inaugurated to study mainly antimatter 128 Dieter Möhl Kurt Kilian: A flight of fantasy? 130 1983 Lords of the ring The construction of the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) Starts 132 Henri Laporte: Hunting the fox in the LEP tunnel... 134 Michel Mayoud: Measuring the immeasurable 136 1984 When less means more Innovative techniques for Ultra-high vacuum are developed 138 Cristoforo Benvenuti: Gett(er)ing to nothing 140 1984 The future takes shape Discussions begin for the next big accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 142 Giorgio Brianti: More sophisticated than ever 144 Peter Jenni: So much potential 146 1986 A new state of matter Heavy-ion collisions create a state of matter believed to have existed at the beginning of the Universe 148 Jürgen Schukraft: A process — not an event 150 1989 The particle factory The first interactions are recorded at the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) 152 Emilio Picasso: lntense work 154 1990 Where the Web was born... The World Wide Web, a system allowing easy navigation of the Internet, is developed at CERN 156 Robert Cailliau: Fertile ground 158 1993 A tiny imbalance Results are published that help to explain the imbalance between matter and antimatter 160 Heinrich Wahl: Needle in a haystack 162 1995 Particles in the hospital Techniques for particle physics find application in medical diagnosis and treatment 164 Ugo Amaldi: Physics to help cure people 166 1995 Into the antiworld The first atoms of antimatter are made 168 Walter Oelert: There would be no second chance 170 Stephan Maury: Putting the brakes an antiprotons 172 1998 A one-CLIC way to the future? Studies for a possible future Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) continue 174 Wolfgang Schnell lan Wilson: Setting the bar high 176 1999 A global number-cruncher Ideas take shape to use computing networks world-wide to analyse huge amounts of data 178 Fabrizio Gagliardi: The Grid becomes real 180 2000 The legacy of a decade The Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) shuts down, having yielded many important results 182 Peter lgo-Kemenes: Competition and co-operation 186 Martin Grünewald: Precision physics 188 2000 A rich harvest for industry The transfer of CERN technologies to industry increases gradually 190 Oscar Barbalat: Conflicting obligations 192 2004 From laboratory to industrial scale Hundreds of magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are ready for installation 194 Philippe Lebrun: A new challenge every day 196 2004 Physics century in, century out... Installation of ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb, the big experiments for the LHC, continues 198 Yiota Foka:Through the looking glass 200 Marzio Nessi: A ship in a bottle 202 Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi: Crystal gazing 204 Richard Jacobsson: Tip of the iceberg 206 2004 A laboratory for the world With accelerators and experiments becoming ever !arger, CERN has become a global laboratory 208 Robert Eisenstein: Building bridges 210 Hafeez Hoorani: A unique experience 212 What next? New theories open new horizons for particle physics 214 Gian Francesco Giudice: Open questions 216 Alvajo De Rüjula: Looking at the heavens 218.