CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE The Lacq pilot - Project and injection period 2006 - 2013 FORE- WORD “We wish you an interesting read and hope at the end key concerns regarding CCS industry will be more comprehensive for all. We hope this book provides valuable insights for those involved in developing CCS in the future.” Olivier CLERET de LANGAVANT Senior Vice President Strategy, Business Development and Research & Development Total Exploration & Production TOTAL IS COMMITTED TO REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT, ESPECIALLY ITS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. The group’s priorities in term of greenhouse gas control are to improve The experimental plant was unique the energy efficiency of its industrial facilities, to deliver innovative in several respects; by its size in solutions in terms of energy efficiency to its consumers, to reduce capturing carbon through a 30 MWth and then eliminate the flaring of associated gas, to invest in the oxy-combustion gas boiler (unpre- development of complementary energy sources (biomass, solar) and to partici- cedented worldwide), by the choice pate in operational and R&D programs on CO2 capture, transport and geological of a depleted deep gas reservoir storage. Total is also consolidating its efforts to address climate change by: (unprecedented in Europe) located onshore five kilometers south of ¬ Supporting the United Nations Global Compact’s call for companies the agglomeration of Pau (around to factor an internal carbon price into their investment decisions. 140,000 inhabitants) and by its scope, ¬ Joining the World Bank's planned Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Initiative. operating a fully integrated industrial ¬ Joining the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, which works to more chain project (comprising extraction, effectively measure, manage and mitigate emissions of methane, a gas treatment, combustion of natural gas, whose global warming potential is much higher than carbon dioxide’s. high-pressure steam production, CO2 capture, transport and injection) on It has been involved in CO2 injection and geological storage for over 15 years, the SEVESO-classified Lacq industrial in Canada for EOR (Weyburn oil field) and in Norway for aquifer storage (Sleipner, complex. 5 Snohvit). In 2006, the company decided to invest 60 million euros to launch the first end-to-end industrial chain Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project This project entailed the conversion comprising the capture, transport and injection of CO2 into the depleted gas of an existing air-gas combustion reservoir of Rousse in the southwest of France. Operated by Total Exploration boiler into an oxygen-gas combustion Production France, the project gives a boost to the development of this boiler, using oxygen delivered by an promising technology. This CCS pilot was located in the Lacq basin approximately air separation unit (ASU) to obtain a 800 kilometers from Paris. more CO2 concentrated (and easier to capture) flue gas stream. The 30 MWth oxy-boiler was able to deliver up to 38 t/h of steam to the HP steam network of the Lacq sour gas pro- duction and treatment plant. After quenching of the flue gas stream, the rich CO2 stream was compressed (to 27 barg), dried and transported as a gas phase via existing pipelines to a depleted gas field, 29 kilometers away, where it was injected in the deep Rousse reservoir. After internal project approval at the end of 2006, basic and detailed engi- neering was performed in 2007 and 2008. Construction works started in early 2008 and were finalized by mid-2009. At the same time, official authorizations were sought with the project providing A “scientific academic advisory complete reports on surface and subsurface aspects (2008). During the summer committee” was put in place early of 2008, the project went through two months of official public hearings. in the project in 2007 to assist Total In May 2009, the capture, transport and storage project was officially permitted for in the scientific development of the Total Exploration Production France to operate the pilot. CCS project in Rousse, to maximize information flow to the academic The oxy boiler was started in mid-2009. The whole CCS pilot, including CO2 world to optimize CCS related R&D th injection, was started on the January 8 2010. The last injection of CO2 took place programs and to anticipate any th on the March 15 2013. More than 51,000 tonnes of CO2 were injected during potential issues for society at large those 39 months. with respect to a CCS project. Public and stakeholders information meetings had been held since the start The above-mentioned objectives will of the project in early 2007 and before construction work commenced. A long be discussed through the different public consultation and dialogue phase was organized, starting before any chapters of this book, which has been construction works. The Total approach was to set up an “open” and written to give the reader an overview “transparent” dialogue with all the stakeholders upstream of the permitting of this industrial adventure in accor- process. Access was given to detailed information by the way of a dedicated dance with the scientific “informa- website, brochures, a consultation dossier, a movie and a quarterly information tion sharing”, and open and transpar- letter which is still mailed to the neighborhood of the Rousse injection site. ent “dialogue” policies promoted by Total during the whole life of this Total’s main objectives in this experiment were: pilot project. It describes the period from the decision being taken to ¬ To demonstrate the technical feasibility and reliability of an integrated proceed with the project to the end chain comprising CO capture, transportation and injection into a depleted of CO injection. The development 6 2 2 gas reservoir and steam production; of CCS technology by 2020-2030 can ¬ To acquire operating experience and data to upscale the oxy-combustion benefit from the input that this type technology from pilot (30 MWth) to industrial scale (200 MWth) while of project offers. downscaling the “oxy-combustion” capture cost compared to classical post capture technologies; ¬ To develop and apply geological storage qualification methodologies, monitoring methodologies and technologies on site to serve in future onshore storage monitoring programs that will be larger in scale, longer in term and economically and technically viable (microseismic monitoring, environmental monitoring); ¬ To promote CCS knowledge sharing among the public, companies, associations and the academic community through the communication of scientific results, project achievements and lessons learnt. “ We invested over €60 million to build this demonstrator unit. In addition, Total has contributed to furthering university research on CO2 capture-transport- storage technologies by allocating €3 million 7 to fund several French R&D programs since 2010.” TOTAL, Alain Goulois, Vice President Research & Development, Exploration & Production CONTENTS 02 01 pages 18-37 CAPTURE AND TRANSPORT The oxy-combustion boiler 20 pages 12-17 CO2 Compression, Drying & Transportation 25 INTRODUCTION Hazard and risk Presentation 13 assessment 33 04 03 05 pages 68-123 WELL INTEGRITY pages 38-67 pages 124-159 The life of a cement sheath 70 GEOLOGICAL IMPACT AND RISK CHARACTER- Cement-sheath ASSESSMENT IZATION AND mechanical integrity 72 MONITORING PLAN MODELLING Cement-sheath Environmental impact chemical integrity 85 assessment 126 Geological context 41 Application to Hazard and Geological modelling 50 Rousse well 103 risk analysis 130 Geological integrity 54 Notations 120 Monitoring plan 146 07 06 pages 180-215 ENVIRONMENTAL pages 160-179 MONITORING AND MODELLING CO2 STORAGE (SURVEILLANCE) PERFORMANCE Soil and surface Well injectivity 162 gases 182 Microseismicity Fauna and flora 187 monitoring 165 Surface water 193 Modelling the long Groundwater 197 term fate of CO2 in the Rousse reservoir 173 Atmosphere 208 pages 242-256 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This pilot project entailed the conver- sion of an existing air-gas combustion boiler into an oxygen-gas combustion boiler, using oxygen delivered by an Air Separation Unit (ASU) for combustion to obtain a more concentrated flue gas/CO2 stream. 08 pages 257-271 REFERENCES pages 272-273 KEYWORDS INDEX 11 page 274 WATCH VIDEO pages 216-241 ON THE LACQ PILOT on http://www.total.com COMMUNITY OUTREACH Local context 218 The social impact, as read from the press Local actors 220 (2005-2012) 233 The concertation Discussion, process 223 lessons learnt CARBON CAPTURE Survey of the Jurançon and conclusions 238 AND STORAGE population area THE LACQ PILOT around the injection RESULTS & OUTLOOK site (2008) 230 JAN. 2014 (6:54) chapter 1 INTRO- DUCTION 12 AUTHORS J. Monne (Total) N. Aimard (Total) S. Crepin (Total) Carbon capture and storage . The Lacq pilot Chapter 1: Introduction THIS BOOK PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A PILOT PROJECT IMPLEMENTING FOR THE FIRST TIME THE COMPLETE CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) CAPTURE, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE (CCS) CHAIN IN AN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. This pilot was designed, built and operated by Total for more than three years. ¬ To promote CCS knowledge sharing among a range of stake- The CCS pilot project entailed the conversion of an existing air-gas combustion holders, from governments, boiler into an oxygen-gas combustion boiler, using oxygen delivered by an air public institutions, industry, separation unit (ASU) to obtain a more CO concentrated (and easier to capture) 2 academia, non-governmental flue gas stream. The 30 MWth oxy-boiler was able to deliver up to 38 t/h of steam organizations, to the local to the high pressure (HP) steam network of the Lacq sour gas production and communities and the broader treatment plant. After quenching of the flue gas stream, the CO stream was 2 public, through an outreach compressed (to 27 barg), dried and transported in a gaseous phase via existing and communication program pipelines to the Rousse depleted gas field, 29 kilometers away, where it was of activities including face-to-face injected.