Urban Transformation Through Creativity: Applying the Creative City Concept to Makkah Saeed A. Alamoudy A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media at the University of Salford School of Arts and Media 1 Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................6 List of Figures...........................................................................................................7 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................9 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 10 Publications ............................................................................................................ 11 Papers presented .................................................................................................... 11 Conference Co-organiser ....................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 12 Research Aim ................................................................................................................ 12 Research objectives ....................................................................................................... 12 Research Rationale ........................................................................................................ 13 Rationale for Selecting Makkah, Saudi Arabia ............................................................ 17 Facts about Saudia Arabia ............................................................................................ 19 Facts about Makkah ...................................................................................................... 20 Significance of the study ................................................................................................ 23 Research process ........................................................................................................... 23 Outline of the Thesis...................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................... 39 2.1 Defining Terms ........................................................................................................ 39 2.1.1 Quality of Life and Quality of Place ................................................................ 39 2.1.2 Creativity .......................................................................................................... 42 2.2 Towards the Creative City Concept ........................................................................ 44 2. 2.1 Urban Planning and the creative city.............................................................. 48 2. 2.2. Creative Milieu ............................................................................................... 55 2. 2.3 Cultural/economic discourse ........................................................................... 61 2. 2.4. Creative Policy ................................................................................................ 66 2. 2.5. Economic: creative industries/economy ......................................................... 70 2.3. The Criticism of Creative City ............................................................................... 77 2.4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIENCE OF SUCCESSFUL CREATIVE CITIES AROUND THE WORLD ....................................................................................... 92 Creative City Initiatives ................................................................................................ 92 UNESCO Creative Cities Network ........................................................................... 92 Creative City Examples ............................................................................................ 95 3.1. Vancouver ............................................................................................................. 103 3.1.1 Uniqueness: ..................................................................................................... 103 3.1.2 Creative Policies ............................................................................................. 105 3.1.3 the creative industry ....................................................................................... 109 3.1.4 The challenges................................................................................................. 110 3.2. Yokohama ............................................................................................................. 113 3.2.1 Uniqueness ...................................................................................................... 113 3.2.2 Creative Policies ............................................................................................. 114 3.2.3 Creative Industry ........................................................................................... 118 3.2.4 The Challenges ............................................................................................... 118 3.3. Glasgow ................................................................................................................. 120 3.3.1 Uniqueness ...................................................................................................... 120 3.3.2 Creative policies.............................................................................................. 120 2 3.3.3 Creative industries.......................................................................................... 125 3.3.4 The challenges................................................................................................. 125 3.4. Barcelona .............................................................................................................. 130 3.4.1 Uniqueness: ..................................................................................................... 130 3.4.2 Creative policies.............................................................................................. 130 3.4.3 Creative industries.......................................................................................... 135 3.4.4 The challenges................................................................................................. 136 3.5. Sydney ................................................................................................................... 139 3.5.1 Uniqueness ...................................................................................................... 139 3.5.2 Creative Policies ............................................................................................. 139 3.5.3 Creative Industries ......................................................................................... 144 3.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 146 CHAPTER FOUR: DEVELOPING A CREATIVE CITY MODEL ................. 151 4.1 Landry’s creative city index .................................................................................. 151 4.2. Landry’s Creative Index: a critical review .......................................................... 152 4.3. The Five Examples of Creative Cities .................................................................. 154 4.4. The researcher’s Creative City model ................................................................. 155 Testing the Model .................................................................................................... 160 4.5. Concept ................................................................................................................. 162 4.6. Resources .............................................................................................................. 164 4.6.1 History and Heritage ...................................................................................... 165 4.6.2 Research and knowledge institutions ............................................................. 166 4.6.3 Diversity .......................................................................................................... 167 4.6.4 Creative industry ............................................................................................ 169 4.7. Events .................................................................................................................... 171 4. 8. Attractiveness: to citizens, visitors and business................................................. 173 4. 9. Technology ........................................................................................................... 176 4. 9.1 Smart City...................................................................................................... 176 4. 10. Involvement ....................................................................................................... 178 4. 10.1 Involvement of City Committees ................................................................. 181 4. 10.2 Citizen Involvement ....................................................................................