Government of Andhra Pradesh DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT KRISHNA DISTRICT Prepared by ANDHRA PRADESH SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE (APSAC) Planning Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh July 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the Secretary to Government (Mines) and the Director, Department of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for entrusting the work for preparation of District Survey Reports of Andhra Pradesh. We gratefully acknowledge the help of the Director, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Govt. of A.P. for providing valuable literature. We owe a great deal to Sri. G.Sreenivas Choudhary, Deputy Director, (Mines) for his overall support and guidance during the execution of this work. We are also thankful to the Assistant Directors of Mines and Geology of Vijayawada and Nandigama offices for their support in providing information. Our sincere thanks are due to the scientific staff of APSAC who has generated all the thematic maps. VICE CHAIRMAN APSAC CONTENTS 1 Salient Features of Krishna District Page Number 1.1 Administrative Setup 1 1.2 Drainage 2 1.3 Climate and Rainfall 5 1.4 Agriculture and Soils 6 1.5 Transport and Communications 7 1.6 Population and Literacy 8 1.7 Aquaculture in Krishna District 9 1.8 Important Places 12 1.8a. Places of Tourist Interest 12 1.8b. Places of Religious and Cultural Importance 13 1.8c. Places of Economic and Commercial Importance 15 2 Geology and Mineral Resources of the District 17 2.1 Geology of Krishna District 17 2.2 Mineral Resources of Krishna District 22 2.3 Geomorphology of Krishna District 36 2.3a. Landforms of Fluvial Origin 37 2.3b. Landforms of Coastal Origin 38 2.3c. Landforms of Structural Origin 41 2.3d. Landforms of Denudational Origin 42 2.4 Structural Features of Krishna District 44 3 Ground Water Scenario and Quality of Krishna District 47 3.1 Ground Water Prospects in the District 47 3.2 Ground Water Quality of the District 49 4 Surface Water and Irrigation resources of the district 51 4.1 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Krishna district 51 4.2 Major Irrigation Project 51 4.3 Medium Irrigation Project 52 4.4 Tank Information System 54 5 Land Utilization, Forest and Slope in the District 55 5.1 Land Use / Land Cover Classification 55 5.2 Slope Map of the District 70 5.3 Forest Cover Distribution 73 6. Agricultural Resources in the District 75 6.1 Crop Acreage Estimation 75 6.2 Kharif Rice Estimation 77 7. Details of Major and Minor Minerals Their Production and Revenue in the District 80 7.1 Administrative Set-Up of DMG in Krishna District 80 7.2 Office of the Asst. Director of Mines and Geology, Vijayawada jurisdiction 80 7.3 Office of the Asst. Director of Mines & Geology, Nandigama jurisdiction 80 7.4 Overall view of Mining Activity in the District 81 7.5. Availability of Sand, Gravel and Aggregate Resources 81 References 125 List of Figures Fig.1 Administrative Boundaries of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 2 Fig.2 Drainage Network and Surface Water bodies of the District 4 Fig.3 Distribution of Rainfall in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 6 Fig.4 Transport Network of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 7 Fig.5 Mandal wise Distribution of Schedule Caste Population and Types of Hostels and Residential Schools in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 9 Fig. 6 Area of Aquaculture Distribution in Krishna District 10 Fig.7 Geology of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 20 Fig.8Geomorphology of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 36 Fig.9 Structural Map of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 45 Fig.10 Ground Water Scenario in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 47 Fig. 11 Ground Water Quality Map of Krishna District 50 Fig.12 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects of Krishna 53 Fig. 13 Land Use / Land Cover Map of Krishna District During 2015-16 56 Fig. 14 General Slope of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 72 Fig. 15 Forest covers map of Krishna District during 2015-16 73 Fig. 16 (a) Ground truth data overlaid on multi-temporal RGB image, 76 (b) Rice cropped area and 76 (c) Transplantation date-wise rice cropped area over Krishna District 76 Fig.17 Rabi Rice -2016-17 78 Fig.18 Rabi rice Acreage Estimation in Krishna District is (1,64,758 ha) Year-2016-17 79 List of Tables Table-1 Mandal-wise Aquaculture in Krishna District (Area in Hectares) 11 Table-5.1 Category-wise Distributions of Land use/Land Cover During 2015-16 57 Table-5.2 Forest Cover Distribution of Krishna District 74 Table-7.1 Estimation of Road Metal and Gravel Mineral Reserves in the Krishna District 83 Table-7.2. Statement Showing the List of Leases for Major and Minor Minerals and Details of Lease wise Production and Revenue Collections During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Vijayawada 84 Table-7.3 Statement Showing the Number of Sand Reaches and Details of Dispatches During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Vijayawada 97 Table-7.4 List of Quarry Leases in Force in the O/o Asst. Director of Mines and Geology,Vijayawada Jurisdiction 98 Table-7.5 Statement Showing the List of Leases for Major and Minor Minerals and Details of Lease wise Production and Revenue Collections During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Nandigama 108 Table-7.6 Statement Showing the Number of Sand Reaches and Details of dispatches During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Nandigama 118 Table-7.7 List of Quarry Leases in Force in the O/o Asst. Director of Mines and Geology, Nandigama Jurisdiction 119 District Survey Report - 2018 1. Salient Features of Krishna District Krishna District with its district headquarters at Machilipatnam is the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called as Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. It lies between 15º 43’ 02’’ and 17º 08’ 17’’ of the North latitude and 80º 07’ 24’’ and 81º 34’ 51’’ of East longitude which extends over an area of 8727 Sq. Kms. with a coastline of 88 Kms. It was surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal and West Godavari District, on south by Bay of Bengal on west by Guntur and Nalgonda Districts and on north by Khammam District. 1.1 Administrative Setup The District is divided into 50 Mandals (Fig.1) covering 4 Revenue Divisions viz., 1. Bandar 2. Vijayawada 3. Gudivada 4. Nuzvid. The District is naturally divided into Delta and Upland Zones. All the Mandals existing in Bandar, Gudivada divisions and part of Vijayawada division (Penamaluru, Kankipadu, Thotlavalluru part of Vijayawada Rural) comprise delta and Unguturu, Vuyyuru, Pamidimukkala and part of Gannavaram and Bapulapadu Mandals of Nuzvid Division and all the mandals existing in Nuzvid division and the remaining Mandals of Vijayawada Division constitute upland (DES, 2015). The upland consists of an undulating broken terrain by low ranges of Eastern Ghats. The main sources of Irrigation in upland are tanks. It is being benefited by the water of Nargarjuna Sagar also. The delta land is being irrigated by canals of river Krishna. There are five municipalities DMG, GoAP 1 District Survey Report - 2018 viz., 1. Machilipatnam 2. Pedana 3. Gudivada 4.Nuzvid and 5. Jaggaiahpeta and one Municipal Corporation in Vijayawada. Fig.1 Administrative Boundaries of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 1.2 Drainage The famous river Krishna is flowing in this District (Fig.2). It is perennial in nature and flows along the western boundary of the District. Part of upland mandals as well as the delta mandals is now having the facility of utilizing the Krishna river water for irrigation purpose. Krishna being a great and sacred river of South India DMG, GoAP 2 District Survey Report - 2018 like Godavari and Cauvery flows almost across the Peninsula from West to East and finally joins the sea by two principal mouths. Among the other streams and tributaries Muniyeru, Budameru and Tammileru are significant. Muniyeru is the chief tributary of the river Krishna and it flows from north to south across erstwhile Jaggaiahpeta and Nandigama taluks. This is an additional irrigation source available in this District. The Budameru is another hill stream which flows through several mandals viz., Mylavaram, G.Konduru, Unguturu, Vijayawada, Gannavaram, Gudivada, Mandavalli, Kaikaluru and finally falls into Kolleru Lake. Agriculturally, the importance of the above sources is more as they not only feed minor irrigation tanks but also provide for lift irrigation sources and ground water potential. South of Avanigadda the river Krishna bifurcates into four branches before it debouches into the Bay of Bengal. The general drainage pattern is dendritic to sub-dendritic. The drainage density is high in consolidated formations, low in semi-consolidated formations, whereas in alluvial areas the density is meagre (CGWB, 2013). DMG, GoAP 3 District Survey Report - 2018 Fig.2 Drainage Network and Surface Water bodies of the District The Kolleru Lake having a shallow depression area of about 388.5 Sq. Km lies in Kaikaluru and Kalidindi mandals and is located between Krishna and Godavari delta and spans into two districts - Krishna and West Godavari. It acts as a reservoir for drainage water of surrounding delta areas during monsoon and it dries up in summer. Kolleru Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Asia. The lake serves as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for these two rivers.