PROPOSALS FOR MONARCHY IN MEXICO: 1823-1860 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sanders, Frank Joseph, 1919- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 22:18:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284899 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 67-16, 521 SANDERS, Frank Joseph, 1919- PROPOSALS FOR MONARCHY IN MEXICO: 1823-1860. * University of Arizona, Ph. D., 1967 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ® COPYRIGHTED BY FRANK JOSEPH SANDERS 1967 iii PROPOSALS FOR MONARCHY IN MEXICO: 1823-1860 by Frank Joseph Sanders A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1967 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Frank Joseph Sanders entitled PROPOSALS FOR MONARCHY IN MEXTf!0; 1fi23-1flfin be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of DOCTOR OF PBTTOsnPHV 1 L 'U7 DissertationT)irectortor A Date (J After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* Lo . P Cts< ^2: H T <4--j7-.br *Thi8 approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED PREFACE In the instructions provided Angel Calder6n de la Barca, Spain's first Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, the First Secretary of State observed that doubtless the new minister was aware that in America, as well as in Spain, there existed a faction that would like to restore a monarchical form of government in America, and he instructed Cal- deron to provide him with detailed reports concerning whatever happened in that respect. Here is an indication that between the First Empire of Agustin de Iturbide and the Second Empire of Maximilian, the idea of the estab­ lishment of a monarchy in Mexico never ceased to exist, not only among Europeans, but among Mexicans as well. Manifestations of monarchical proposals continued to crop up from the beginning of 1820 when the Mexican deputies to the Spanish Cortes proposed the division of America into three kingdoms, each to be governed by a Spanish prince. The Plan of Iguala, which proclaimed the Independence of Mexico, called for a monarchical form of government. Furthermore, the Treaty of Corboda between Mexico and Spain incorporated the provisions of the Plan of Iguala which stipulated that Ferdinand VII or a member of the royal family was to occupy the throne and, were this not possible, some iv V person designated by the Mexican Cortes. Although Spain rejected the Treaty of Cordoba, the idea of a monarchy in America was not abandoned. On the contrary, Mexicans adopted it and placed Iturbide on the throne. The fall of Iturbide in 1823 put a temporary damper on monar­ chical proposals, although in that same year French influence was brought to bear in Spain to create a monarchy in Mexico. This plan was frustrated by the opposition of Ferdinand VII, who refused to coun­ tenance any thought of lost colonies, and by British continental policy. In 1827 a project to place the Infante Don Francisco de Paula on a Mexican throne came to nought for much the same reasons. The famous pamphlet of Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada, publi­ shed in 1840, wherein he openly advocated a monarchy as the solution to the problems of Mexico, caused no end of sensation and repercussion. Although the opposition stirred up by Gutierrez forced him to leave the country, the concept of a monarchy for Mexico not only persisted, but was fostered by the newspaper ElTiempo, first published in 1846. As a consequence of the war between Mexico and the United States, monarchist proposals again came to the fore, and in 1853 some consideration was given to the idea of placing Santa Anna on a throne in Mexico. But in the following year Santa Anna authorized Gutierrez Estrada to seek a European candidate, and, in 1856, A. De Radepont went to France and offered the crown to the Duke D'Aumale. By 1860 the proposal to erect a monarchy in Mexico gained stronger support, became more definitive, and led to the eventual choice of Archduke Maximilian. His death in 1867 terminated the there­ tofore persistent intentions to form a monarchy in Mexico. The present study is an analysis of the monarchical proposals for Mexico between 1823 and 1860. As European proposals were made within, a certain context of opinion regarding Mexico, an effort will be made to present the view of Mexico as seen by foreign representatives, particularly those of France and Spain. In addition, an examination is undertaken of the polemic engaged in by monarchists and their opponents. Unfortunately, personal files of many of the leading characters involved, existing in the archives of either the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Relations or the Secretary of Defense, were not available at this time; nor could research be undertaken in such depositories and collections as the Archivo Secreto de Fernando VII, the Archivo del Palacio Nacional, Madrid, or the Archivo de la Mision Diplomatica de Mexico en Francia. For their cooperation and for the many courtesies extended, the author wishes to express his appreciation to the staff of the Hispanic Foundation and that of the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.; to the staff of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California; to the staff of the Sutro Branch of the California State Library at San Francisco: to Ernesto de la Torre Villar, Director of the Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico, D. F., and his staff; and to Dr. Maria Teresa Chavez Campomanes, Director of the Biblioteca de Mexicana, Mexico, D. F., and her staff. A particular note of gratitude is due the faculty and staff of El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico, D. F., especially Berta Ulloa Ortiz and Luis F. Muro Arias, not only for making available materials needed, but also for their many kindnesses. Dr. Wigiberto Jimenez Moreno, Head of the Departamento de Investigaciones Historias, Institute Nac­ ional de Antropologia y Historia, Mexico, D.F., was also most kind and helpful. To the faculty of the Department of History of the University of Arizona, the author is especially grateful: Dr. Russell C. Ewing, Pro­ fessor of History and Chairman of the Department, who as faculty ad­ visor and director of this dissertation, gave unstintingly of his time and wide knowledge of Mexican history; Dr. Herman E. Bateman, Professor of History and Associate Dean of the Graduate College, who gave wise counsel during various crises; Dr. James A. Beatson, always ready with some new insight; Dr. Thomas E. Parker, who never failed to give sound advice; and Dr. Mario Rodriguez, Professor of History, George Washington University, friend, mentor, and enthusiastic Latin American scholar. In the Department of Philosophy, Dr. Charles F. Wallraff, Professor of Philosophy and Chairman of the Department, and Dr. viii Joseph L. Cowan, contributed significantly to the author's program of studies, and offered helpful criticisms and suggestions. Lastly, the author wished to thank his mother and late father, without whose unfailing support and inspiration through many a long hour, this could never have been written. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE iv ABBREVIATIONS x ABSTRACT xi THE FIRST MEXICAN EMPIRE 1 A MONARCHY FOR MEXICO: 1804-1829 26 MEXICO: THROUGH THE EYES OF DIPLOMATS 66 JOS£ MARiA GUTIERREZ ESTRADA: MONARCHIST PAMPHLETEER 123 POLEMIC IN THE PRESS AND FURTHER INTRIGUE: 1845-1850 159 FINAL ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH A MONARCHY .222 CONCLUSION 275 REFERENCES 286 ix ABBREVIATIONS AHDM Archivo Historico Diplomatico Mexicano. BAN Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California. C.DHM Ernesto de la Torre Villar (ed.). Corresponden- cia Diplomatica franco-mexicana, 1808-1839 (Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico, 1957). CM El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. Microfilm and Typescript Collection of Archives of the Spanish Embassy in Mexico. Diaz Lilia Diaz (ed.). Version Francesa de Mexico, Informes Diplomaticos (3 vols;;;Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico, 1963-1966). HAHR Hispanic American Historical Review. LAF-BNM LaFragua Collection, Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. NA,RG 59 National Archives, Record Group 59. RDHM Javier Malagon Barcelo, Enriqueta Lopezlira, and Jose Maria Miquel i Verges (eds.,). Relaciones diplomaticas hispano-mexicanas, Documentos procedentes del Archivo de la Emba.jada de Espafla en Mexico: Despachos generales (3 vols;;Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico, 1949-1966). SUTRO Mexican Pamphlet Collection, Sutro Branch, Califor­ nia State Library, San Francisco, California. x ABSTRACT Between the First Empire~of Agustin de Iturbide and the Second Empire of Maximilian, the idea of the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico never ceased to exist, not only among Europeans, but among Mexicans as well.