Steffen Hope Centre for Medieval Literature University of Southern Denmark Constructing institutional identity through the cult of royal saints, c.1050-c.1200 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Purpose of the thesis ................................................................................................................ 1 Background for the thesis - historical context and key concepts ............................................ 8 Previous scholarship .............................................................................................................. 13 Outline of the thesis chapters ................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2 – METHODOLOGY AND THEORY .............................................................. 21 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 21 Historiography ....................................................................................................................... 25 Saint-biographical material ................................................................................................... 28 Liturgical texts ....................................................................................................................... 31 Common and proper texts - liturgy and identity ................................................................... 38 Memory and identity ............................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 3 – EDMUND MARTYR OF EAST ANGLIA ................................................... 43 THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATION AND THE EARLY CULT (869-C.987 .......................... 43 The earliest evidence ............................................................................................................. 43 Evidence to the cult of Saint Edmund from Passio Eadmundi ............................................. 44 THE SECOND STAGE OF THE CULT OF SAINT EDMUND (C.1000-C.1100) ................... 48 THE SAINT-BIOGRAPHICAL IMAGE OF SAINT EDMUND. ............................................. 55 Passio Eadmundi ................................................................................................................... 55 Herman and Goscelin's miracle collections ........................................................................... 60 Summary remarks to the saint-biographical image of Saint Edmund ................................... 64 THE LITURGICAL ICONOGRAPHY OF SAINT EDMUND ................................................. 65 The office for the vigil of Edmund's feast day - analysis ...................................................... 66 The office for Edmund's feast day - analysis of the lessons and responsories ...................... 68 The office for the feast of Edmund - analysis of antiphons and the psalmody ..................... 76 Concordances between Abbo's Passio and the liturgical office ............................................ 84 THE LITURGICAL IMAGE OF SAINT EDMUND ................................................................. 94 i CHAPTER 4 – OLAF HARALDSSON OF NORWAY ....................................................... 101 THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATION AND THE EARLY CULT ........................................... 101 Contemporary sources ......................................................................................................... 103 Early posthumous sources - the first cult ............................................................................ 104 Cult and historiography in the latter half of the eleventh century ....................................... 105 OLAF AT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC ........................................ 110 The establishment of the Norwegian archbishopric ............................................................ 110 The image of Saint Olaf at the establishment of the archdiocese - the evidence from Geisli ............................................................................................................................... 112 The Nidaros foundation letter .............................................................................................. 115 THE REIGN OF EYSTEIN ERLENDSSON ........................................................................... 116 Eystein Erlendsson and the political programme ................................................................ 117 Eystein Erlendsson and the cultural programme ................................................................. 121 SAINT OLAF AND TWELFTH-CENTURY NORWEGIAN LATIN HISTORIOGRAPHY 127 Historia Norwegie (1165-70) .............................................................................................. 128 Historia antiquitate Regum Norwagiensum (1176-88), by Theodoricus Monachus ........... 131 PASSIO OLAVI AND THE ICONOGRAPHY OF SAINT OLAF ........................................... 138 The central issues in the debate on Passio Olavi ................................................................ 139 Saint Olaf in the vita of Passio Olavi .................................................................................. 145 Saint Olaf in the miracula of Passio Olavi ......................................................................... 152 THE ICONOGRAPHY OF SAINT OLAF IN THE NIDAROS OFFICE ................................ 154 Overview of the sources ...................................................................................................... 156 The chants for Vespers ........................................................................................................ 157 The chants for Matins .......................................................................................................... 159 The chants for Laudes ......................................................................................................... 169 THE LITURGICAL IMAGE OF SAINT OLAF ...................................................................... 171 CHAPTER 5 – KING KNUD SVENDSSON OF DENMARK ............................................ 175 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW - REIGN AND EARLY CULT .................................................. 175 The death of Knud and his posthumous reputation ............................................................. 177 The canonisation of Saint Knud and its significance .......................................................... 179 The early cult and literature in Odense - the Odense cycle ................................................. 180 Summary remarks ............................................................................................................... 192 THE IMAGE OF SAINT KNUD IN THE ODENSE LITERATURE ...................................... 192 The image of Saint Knud in Tabula Othoniensis ................................................................ 192 The image of Saint Knud in Passio Kanuti ......................................................................... 195 Knud in Epitaphium S. Canuti ............................................................................................ 200 The image of Saint Knud in Gesta Swenomagni ................................................................. 200 THE ICONOGRAPHY OF SAINT KNUD IN THE ODENSE OFFICE ................................. 207 ii The surviving sources .......................................................................................................... 207 The tentative dating of the Odense liturgy .......................................................................... 209 Sources for the liturgical office for Saint Knud .................................................................. 210 The chants for Vespers ........................................................................................................ 211 The chants for Matins .......................................................................................................... 214 The chants for Laudes ......................................................................................................... 223 The chants for second Vespers ............................................................................................ 224 THE LITURGICAL IMAGE OF SAINT KNUD ..................................................................... 225 CHAPTER 6 – COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 231 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 231 Edmund Martyr ................................................................................................................... 231 Olaf Haraldsson ................................................................................................................... 236 Knud Rex ............................................................................................................................. 241 Comparative overview - the cult of royal saints in Northern Europe .................................