(a) (b) (d) (c) (e) Fig 61. Mouthpart origin and hemelytra of hemipteran insects. (a) Hypognathous mouthpart position (wax scale insect, Ceroplastes sp.). (b) Orthezia sp. (scale insect). (c) Orthognathous mouthpart position (cicada, Gaeana maculate). (d) Prognathous mouthpart position (assassin bug, Sirthenea flavipes). (e) Pentatomid bug, Catacanthus incarnatus showing hemelytron structure. Scale: for (a), 0.40 mm; for (b), 0.65 mm; for (c), 3.84 mm; for (d), 1.81 mm; for (e), 6.71 mm (for body of pentatomid bug) and 4.73 mm (for hemelytron). Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Fulgoromorpha Coleorrhyncha Heteroptera PCG1 PCG2 Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Fulgoromorpha Coleorrhyncha Heteroptera PCG3 RNA )LJ62. AliGROOVE analysis for codon positions of protein-coding genes (PCGs) and RNA genes. PCG1, the first codon position of PCGs. PCG2, the second codon position of PCGs. PCG3, the third codon position of PCGs. RNA, sequences of tRNA and rRNA genes. The mean similarity score between sequences is represented by a colored square, based on AliGROOVE scores from -1, indicating great difference in rates from the remainder of the data set, that is, heterogeneity (red coloring), to +1, indicating that ratesmatch all other comparisons (blue coloring). Bactericera sinica Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Eusthenes cupreus FigS33K\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP3K\OR%D\HVDQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHWXQGHUWKe &$7*75PL[WXUHPRGHO9DOXHVDWQRGHVDUH%D\HVLDQ33V Bactericera sinica Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Eusthenes cupreus )LJ643K\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP3K\OR%D\HVDQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHWXQGHUWKH &$7*75PL[WXUHPRGHO9DOXHVDWQRGHVDUH%D\HVLDQ33V Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Sternorrhyncha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Cimicomorpha (Reduviidae) Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha )LJ653K\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP3K\OR%D\HVDQDO\VLVRIWKHAAGDWDVHWXQGHUWKH &$7*75PL[WXUHPRGHO9DOXHVDWQRGHVDUH%D\HVLDQ33V Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Fulgoromorpha Coleorrhyncha Heteroptera PCGRNA PCG12RNA Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Fulgoromorpha Coleorrhyncha Heteroptera AA )LJ66. AliGROOVE analysis for PCG12RNA, PCGRNA and AA datasets. The mean similarity score between sequences is represented by a colored square, based on AliGROOVE scores from -1, indicating great difference in rates from the remainder of the data set, that is, heterogeneity (red coloring), to +1, indicating that ratesmatch all other comparisons (blue coloring). %DFWHULFHUDVLQLFD 6WHUQRUUK\QFKD )XOJRURPRUSKD $XFKHQRUUK\QFKD &LFDGRPRUSKD 'LSVRFRURPRUSKD *HUURPRUSKD (QLFRFHSKDORPRUSKD 1HSRPRUSKD /HSWRSRGRPRUSKD &LPLFRPRUSKD +HWHURSWHUD 3HQWDWRPRPRUSKD (XVWKHQHVFXSUHXV 'JH471IZMPHFOFUJDUSFFJOGFSSFEGSPN1IZMP#BZFTBOBMZTJTPGUIF1$(3/"EBUBTFUVOEFSUIF$"5 (53NJYUVSFNPEFM4QFDJFTGSPN$PMFPSSIZODIBBSFFYDMVEFEJOUIFBOBMZTJT7BMVFTBUOPEFTBSF #BZFTJBO11T Bactericera sinica Sternorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Eusthenes cupreus )LJ683K\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP3K\OR%D\HVDQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHWXQGHUWKH &$7*75PL[WXUHPRGHO6SHFLHVIURP&ROHRUUK\QFKDDUHH[FOXGHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV9DOXHVDWQRGHV DUH%D\HVLDQ33V Bactericera sinica Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Eusthenes cupreus )LJ693K\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP3K\OR%D\HVDQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHWXQGHUWKH &$7*75PL[WXUHPRGHO6SHFLHVIURP)XOJRURPRUSKDDUHH[FOXGHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV9DOXHVDW QRGHVDUH%D\HVLDQ33V Bactericera sinica Sternorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Eusthenes cupreus )LJ6103K\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP3K\OR%D\HVDQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHWXQGHUWKH &$7*75PL[WXUHPRGHO6SHFLHVIURP)XOJRURPRUSKDDUHH[FOXGHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV9DOXHVDW QRGHVDUH%D\HVLDQ33V (a) (b) )LJ6117KHLPSURYHGWD[RQVDPSOLQJIURP6WHUQRUUK\QFKD)XOJRURPRUSKD&LFDGRPRUSKDDQG &ROHRUUK\QFKD a )LYHVSHFLHVZLWKORQJHVWEUDQFKHVLQ6WHUQRUUK\QFKDVHYHQVSHFLHVZLWKVKRUWEUDQFKHVLQ &LFDGRPRUSKDDQGWKUHHVSHFLHVZLWKORQJHVWEUDQFKHVLQ)XOJRURPRUSKDZHUHH[FOXGHGDFFRUGLQJWRWHUPLQDO EUDQFKHVLQWKHSK\ORJHQHWLFWUHHLQIHUUHGIURP%D\HVLDQDQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHW7KHH[FOXGHG VSHFLHVZHUHKLJKOLJKWHGZLWKRUDQJH b 7ZRPRVVEXJV &ROHRUUK\QFKD ZLWKVWURQJKHWHURJHQHLW\LQ VHTXHQFHGLYHUJHQFHZHUHH[FOXGHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKH$OL*5229(DQDO\VLVRIWKH3&*51$GDWDVHW7KH REWDLQHGPHDQVLPLODULW\VFRUHEHWZHHQVHTXHQFHVLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\DFRORUHGVTXDUH7KHVFRUHVUDQJHIURP LQGLFDWLQJIXOOUDQGRPVLPLODULW\WRLQGLFDWLQJQRQUDQGRPVLPLODULW\7KHGDUNHUUHGLQGLFDWHVWKHKLJKHU UDQGRPL]HGDFFRUGDQFHEHWZHHQSDLUZLVHVHTXHQFHFRPSDULVRQV%OXHLQGLFDWHVWKHRSSRVLWH Sternorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha 'JH4121IZMPHFOFUJDUSFFJOGFSSFEGSPN1IZMP#BZFTBOBMZTJTPGUIF1$(3/"EBUBTFU UBYB VOEFS UIF$"5 (53NJYUVSFNPEFM7BMVFTBUOPEFTBSF#BZFTJBO11T Sternorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Cicadomorpha Coleorrhyncha Dipsocoromorpha Gerromorpha Enicocephalomorpha Nepomorpha Leptopodomorpha Cimicomorpha Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha 'JH431IZMPHFOFUJDUSFFJOGFSSFEGSPN1IZMP#BZFTBOBMZTJTPGUIF1$(3/"EBUBTFU UBYB VOEFS UIF$"5 (53NJYUVSFNPEFM7BMVFTBUOPEFTBSF#BZFTJBO11T Tamolanica tamolana Reticulitermes virginicus Blattella germanica Lepidopsocid sp. Psococerastis albimaculata Longivalvus hyalospilus Bactericera sinica Pachypsylla venusta Aleurodicus dugesii Feeding habit Trialeurodes vaporariorum Aleurochiton aceris Phytophagous Bemisia tabaci Bemisia afer Fungivorous Cervaphis quercus Schizaphis graminum Sternorrhyncha Predaceous Aphis gossypii Diuraphis noxia Hematophagous Cavariella salicicola Omnivores Sitobion avenae Acyrthosiphon pisum Geisha distinctissima Lycorma delicatula Laternaria candelaria Sivaloka damnosa Auchenorrhyncha Ricania marginalis Nilaparvata lugens (Fulgoromorpha) Sogatella furcifera Laodelphax striatellus Homalodisca vitripennis Empoasca vitis Darthura hardwicki Leptobelus sp. Leptobelus gazella Hyalessa marculaticollis Auchenorrhyncha Cryptotympana atrata Philaenus spumarius (Cicadomorpha) Paphnutius ruficeps Callitettix versicolor Abidama producta Aeneolamia contigua Peloridium hammoniorum Xenophyes cascus Peloridora minuta Hemiodoecus leai Coleorrhyncha Hackeriella veitchi Hypselosoma matsumurae Ceratocombus sp. Ceratocombus japonicus Dipsocoromorpha Hydrometra greeni Perittopus sp. Aquarius paludum Gerromorpha Stenopirates sp. HL-2011 Stenopirates sp. Oncylocotis sp. Henschiella sp. Enicocephalomorpha Sigara septemlineata Laccotrephes robustus Kirkaldyia deyrolli Diplonychus rusticus Ochterus marginatus Nerthra indica Nepomorpha Paraplea frontalis Enithares tibialis Ilyocoris cimicoides Aphelocheirus ellipsoideus Saldula arsenjevi Leptopus sp. Phymata americana Leptopodomorpha Cnizocoris sinensis Carcinocoris binghami Brontostoma colossus Sirthenea flavipes Peirates arcuatus Valentia hoffmanni Triatoma dimidiata Oncocephalus breviscutum Macracanthopsis nodipes Sphedanolestes impressicollis Agriosphodrus dohrni Cimex lectularius Orius sauteri Orius niger Scotomedes sp. Alloeorhynchus bakeri Gorpis humeralis Gorpis annulatus Nabis apicalis Cimicomorpha Himacerus nodipes Himacerus apterus Ammianus toi Stephanitis mendica Pseudacysta perseae Heteroptera Corythucha ciliata Nesidiocoris tenuis Trigonotylus caelestialium Adelphocoris fasciaticollis Apolygus lucorum Lygus rugulipennis Lygus lineolaris Lygus hesperus Aradacanthia heissi Neuroctenus parus Brachyrhynchus hsiaoi Stictopleurus subviridis Aeschyntelus notatus Dicranocephalus femoralis Riptortus pedestris Hydaropsis longirostris Physopelta gutta Dysdercus cingulatus Phaenacantha marcida Yemmalysus parallelus Malcus inconspicuus Geocoris pallidipennis Kleidocerys resedae resedae Chauliops fallax Urochela sp. Urochela quadrinotata Pentatomomorpha Megacopta cribraria Coptosoma bifaria Halyomorpha halys Erthesina fullo Nezara viridula Dolycoris baccarum Macroscytus subaeneus Eusthenes cupreus Dalcantha dilatata Megymenum brevicorne Coridius chinensis Sastragala edessoides Acanthosoma labiduroides Poecilocoris nepalensis Lamprocoris roylii Eucorysses grandis 'JH44.-PQUJNJ[BUJPOPGGFFEJOHIBCJUDPOEVDUFEXJUI.FTRVJUFVOEFSUIF.,NPEFMPG DIBSBDUFSFWPMVUJPO Tamolanica tamolana Reticulitermes virginicus Blattella germanica Lepidopsocid sp. Psococerastis albimaculata Longivalvus hyalospilus Habitat Bactericera sinica Pachypsylla venusta Terrestrial Aleurodicus dugesii Trialeurodes vaporariorum Surface skimmer Aleurochiton aceris Aquatic Bemisia tabaci Bemisia afer Shoreline Cervaphis quercus Schizaphis graminum Sternorrhyncha Aphis gossypii Diuraphis noxia Cavariella salicicola Sitobion avenae Acyrthosiphon pisum Geisha distinctissima Lycorma delicatula Laternaria candelaria Sivaloka damnosa Auchenorrhyncha Ricania marginalis Nilaparvata lugens (Fulgoromorpha) Sogatella furcifera Laodelphax striatellus Homalodisca vitripennis Empoasca vitis Darthura hardwicki Leptobelus sp. Leptobelus gazella Hyalessa marculaticollis Auchenorrhyncha Cryptotympana atrata Philaenus spumarius (Cicadomorpha) Paphnutius ruficeps Callitettix versicolor Abidama producta Aeneolamia contigua Peloridium