Higher Education, Sciences and Technology Francisco Sánchez y Rosana Hernández Nieto (Compilers y editors) Institutional and regulatory foundations for the establishment of the European, Latin American and Caribbean Area for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation - EU-LAC FOUNDATION, 2017 Hagedornstraße 22 20149 Hamburg, Germany www.eulacfoundation.org AUTHORS: Report written within the framework of the collaboration agreement between the European Union-Latin America and the Caribbean Foundation (EU-LAC Foundation), the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences in Spain (FLACSO Spain) and the University of Salamanca. The chapters of this report were drafted by Alexia Cachazo Vasallo, Rosana Hernández Nieto, Francisco José Rebordinos Hernando and Francisco Sánchez, based on the information provided by the consultants in each country. LIST OF COLLABORATORS: María Cecilia Andrade. Ecuador. José Mario Méndez. Costa Rica. Elcio Cecchetti. Brazil. José Marcial Méndez Soto. Honduras. Alexia Cachazo Vasallo. Coordinator. Osvaldo Moreira. Paraguay. University of Salamanca. Abdón Pari Condori. Bolivia. Jorge Domínguez. Cuba. Gabriel Ramírez. Venezuela. Wendy Cuellar Arrecis. Guatemala. Francisco José Rebordinos Hernando. Adolfo González. Chile. Researcher. University of Salamanca. Valentina Isabel González. Chile. Lily Rodríguez González. Dominican Republic. Héctor Grenni. El Salvador. Guillermo Ruiz. Argentina. Margarita Heinzen. Uruguay. Juan Camilo Salas Cardona. Panama. Rosana Hernández Nieto. Researcher and María Eugenia Salinas Muñoz. Colombia. editor. FLACSO-España. Francisco Sánchez López. Supervisor. Gerald Lerebours. Haiti. FLACSO-España. Pablo Loarte Mauricio. Peru. Agustín Sosa. Mexico. Christine Marrett. Jamaica José Luis Sosa. Mexico. David Rampersad. Trinidad y Tobago Mercedes Tinoco Espinoza. Nicaragua. GRAPHIC DESIGN: Ileana Angulo Ascanio / Soluciones y desarrollo REIMPULSA PRINTING: Scharlau GmbH ISBN: 978-84-697-3125-3 DOI: 10.12858/0617EN Note: This study was financed by the EU-LAC Foundation, and by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Government of Spain. The EU-LAC Foundation is financed by its Member states and by the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the authors and may not be considered as representing the views of the EU-LAC Foundation, of its Member states or of the European Union. This book was published in 2017. This publication is copyrighted, although it may be freely copied for any educational purposes or or for carrying out publicity, mediation or research activities so long as, and only if, the source is cited appropriately. The copyright holders request that they be informed of the above uses so as to evaluate its impact. To copy this text in any other circumstance, use it in other publications, translate or adapt it, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher. In such cases, we request that we be contacted via our e-mail address: [email protected] TAbLE oF CoNTENTS Index of tables 5 List of abbreviations 7 Executive Report 15 Introduction 19 European Union, Latin America and Caribbean Strategic Association Framework 25 General points 31 1. Body of legislation governing Higher Education, Science, Technology and innovation 31 1.1. General legislative framework 32 1.2. Legislation concerning public universities 33 1.3. Legislation concerning private universities 34 1.4. Legislation concerning science and technology 35 Remarks and recommendations 42 2. System of government institutions responsible for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation 45 2.1. System of government institutions 46 2.2. Quality accreditation in Latin American and Caribbean countries 51 System of academic organisation and election of university authorities 78 Remarks and recommendations 96 3. Analysis of the structure of higher education qualifications 99 3.1. Undergraduate studies 100 3.2. Postgraduate studies 114 3.3. Doctorate studies 117 3.4. Credit/hours systems 120 Remarks and recommendations 129 4. University teaching 131 4.1. Regulation of university teaching 131 4.2. Requirements for practising as a university lecturer 132 4.3. Categories of university teaching staff 137 4.4. Procedure for promotion between categories in the public sector 138 4.5. Contract modalities 140 4.6. Incompatibilities regime 141 4.7. Rights and duties of lecturers 142 Remarks and recommendations 142 5. Public and private scholarship systems 145 5.1. Public scholarship 145 5.2. Private scholarships 158 Remarks and recommendations 161 6. Mobility of students, academics and administrative staff from HEIs in Latin America and the Caribbean 163 6.1. Student mobility 163 6.2. Teaching staff mobility 168 6.3. International or cooperation agencies mobility programs 175 Remarks and recommendations 188 7. Professional practice and recognition of qualifications obtained abroad 191 7.1. Conditions for professional practice 191 7.2. Recognition of higher education qualifications obtained abroad 194 Remarks and recommendation 197 8. Analysis of the public and/or private financing system for R&D&I 201 8.1. Budget estimate or allocation for research in State budgets R&D&I 203 8.2. Funding originating from the private sector 206 8.3. The importance of research in educative policy 207 Remarks and recommendations 209 9. Internationalisation procedures and permanent university networks in the field of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation 211 9.1. Experiences of internationalisation and creation of university networks 213 Remarks and recommendations 224 10. European Higher Education Area 227 10.1. History and institutional structure of the European Higher Education Area 227 10.2. Quality assurance systems 232 10.3. Structure of higher education qualifications 236 10.4. Scholarship system for the promotion of studies abroad and mobility programs 245 10.5. Professional activity of university graduates 246 Remarks and best practice 249 Conclusions 251 Bibliography 255 Index of tables Table 1. Legislation concerning Higher Education, Science, Technology and 36 Innovation. Table 2. Institutions responsible for Higher Education, Science, 46 Technology and Innovation. Table 3. 52 State organisations or agencies responsible for quality accreditation. Table 4. 55 Regional organisations or agencies responsible for quality accreditation. Table 5. Organisations or agencies responsible for accreditation 58 of Higher Education institutions. Table 6. Organisations or agencies responsible for accreditation 81 of qualification, programs or courses. Table 7. 101 Access requirements for undergraduate studies. Table 8. Duration of undergraduate studies in Latin American 108 and Caribbean countries. Table 9. 118 Access requirements for doctorate studies. Table 10. 122 Credit/hours equivalencies for undergraduate studies. Table 11. 126 Credit/hours equivalencies for postgraduate studies. Table 12. Minimum qualification needed to practice as a university lecturer 133 in the public sector. Table 13. Value of doctorate qualifications for practise as a university 136 lecturer in the public sector. Table 14. 139 Points for developing of university teaching staff in the public sector. Table 15. 175 Erasmus Mundus program figures (2004-2014). 5 Table 16. 176 Candidates for Erasmus Mundus program grants. Table 17. Erasmus Mundus projects with participating Latin American 177 and Caribbean countries (2010-2013). Table 18. Erasmus + projects with participating Latin American and Caribbean 180 countries (2010-2013). Table 19. 188 Mobility programs for students at the University of Salamanca. Table 20. 192 Membership requirements in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Table 21. 201 Percentage of full-time researchers per 1000 people in employment. Table 22. 205 Percentage investment in R&D relative to GDP. Table 23. 230 Principal decisions adopted in ministerial meetings. Table 24. ENQA Member Agencies. 233 Table 25. European Higher Education Area ECTS credit system. 236 6 LIST oF AbbREviatioNS ACCINET: Cooperation Network between Higher Education Institutions. ACTI: Association of Caribbean Tertiary Institutions (Asociación de Instituciones Terciarias Caribeñas). ACTT: The Accreditation Council of Trinidad and Tobago (Consejo de Acreditación de Trinidad y Tobago). AE: Special Admission (Admisión Especial - Bolivia). AECID: Spanish Cooperation Agency for Development (Agencia Española de Cooperación para el Desarrollo). LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean (América Latina y Caribe). ALCUE-NET: Latin America, Caribbean and European Union Network for Research and Innovation (Red de Investigación e Innovación de América Latina y Caribe y la Unión Europea). ANEAES: Paraguayan National Agency of Higher Education Assessment and Accreditation (Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación de la Educación Superior). ANII: Uruguayan National Agency of Research and Innovation (Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación). ANUIES: Mexican National Association of Universities and Higher Education Institutions (Asociación Nacional de Universidades e Instituciones de Educación Superior). APEASU: Bolivian Plurinational Agency for Assessment and Accreditation of Higher Education (Agencia Plurinacional de Evaluación y Acreditación de la Educación Superior). AUGM: Montivideo Group University Association (Asociación de Universidades del Grupo Montevideo). AUPRICA: Association of Private Universities in Central America (Asociación de Universidades Privadas de Centroamérica). AUSJAL: