Techno-Economic Analysis of Wireless Indoor Solutions ZEESHAN ZUBAIR Master of Science Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2011 TRITA-ICT-EX-2011:16 Techno-Economic Analysis of Wireless Indoor Solutions ZEESHAN ZUBAIR Master of Science Thesis performed at the Radio Communication Systems Group, KTH. January 2011 Examiner: Ben Slimane KTH School of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Department of Communication Systems (CoS) TRITA-ICT-EX-2011:16 ⃝c ZEESHAN ZUBAIR, January 2011 Abstract Introduction of mobile broadband technology added valuable service for mobile users to surf faster internet on mobile. This impacts the traffic demand requirements, traffic demand increased for network to fulfill the requirements. Higher data rates depend on strong signal from base station and capacity of the network. Mostly people are located inside the building for surfing internet. Traditional macro base stations are not sufficient to deal with data users for indoor users because presence of strong attenuations inside the building resists signal from macro base stations. As a consequence wireless indoor solutions are introduce to provides coverage and capacity requirements inside building. Femtocell, Picocell, WLAN and Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) are common indoor solutions to provide coverage and capacity requirements. In this thesis techno-economic and analysis was carried out to explore the performance, cost of indoor solutions. The aim is to estimate the cost economical wireless indoor solution and to identify which indoor solution is suited in which scenario which helps in radio indoor planning and selection of indoor solution. For the capacity requirements four radio access technologies UMTS, HSDPA, LTE and 802.11 with different spectral efficiency levels are considered as an input for indoor solutions. Single wireless indoor network is enough to deploy in a building to provide coverage and capacity requirements. Users from different market actors are located inside the building. It is not efficient way to deploy multiple indoor networks in a single building. Analysis revealed that the Femtocell is cost-economical and flexible solution that capable of handle variations in traffic demand and stable system, it is proposed as a long term wireless solutions. Moreover from analysis Femtocells cost distribution is almost same in all radio access technologies this makes it perfect solution for all systems. Picocell and DAS solutions are mostly affected by the traffic demands and spectral efficiency. Increase in spectral efficiency tends to decrease the network cost of Picocell and DAS. From analysis WLAN found stable system capable of providing uniform cost distribution for low and high level demands scenarios and different level of spectral efficiency. i ii Acknowledgment The completion of master thesis has been rewarding experience for me. The thesis carried out at Wireless@KTH, this department is renowned for innovative and excellent research center for Sweden. For this thesis, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for extraordinary support and co-operation and my supervisor Jan Markendahl who helped me during entire thesis with his valuable time, motivation and knowledge, without his cooperation this thesis seems to be impossible. Furthermore, I would like to thanks to Mats Nilson for additional help on several events and Ben Slimane for examining my thesis. I cannot forget KTH and Sweden for providing a opportunity for study in highly competitive master program „Wireless Systems‟ which made strong base of research in wireless area. The journey of Sweden was so amazing and full of adventurous, several ideas and things learned during my studies especially cooking and time management. Finally, thanks for Wireless@KTH department for providing extra-ordinary facilities and ideal environment for research. The management and people of Wireless@KTH supported and helped me in every event. Zeeshan Zubair iii iv Contents List of Diagrams ....................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. ix List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Definition ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Related Work ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Report Outline ............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Introduction of Wireless Indoor Solutions ......................................................................... 5 2.1 In-building Solutions: .................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Femtocell ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Picocell ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.4 WLAN ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Distributed Antenna System (DAS) ............................................................................ 8 2.5.1 Passive DAS ......................................................................................................... 9 2.5.2 Active DAS ........................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 13 3 Wireless Data Access Standards ...................................................................................... 13 3.1 Introduction of 3G Networks ..................................................................................... 13 3.1.1 Universal Telecommunication System (UMTS) ................................................ 13 3.1.2 High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) ................................................ 15 3.1.3 Long Term Evaluation (LTE) ............................................................................ 16 3.2 IEEE 802.11 Standards .............................................................................................. 17 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 19 4 Techno-Economics of Wireless Indoor Solutions ............................................................ 19 4.1 Techno-Economic Model .......................................................................................... 19 4.2 General Models .......................................................................................................... 20 4.2.1 Link Budget ........................................................................................................ 21 4.2.2 Propagation Models ............................................................................................ 23 4.2.3 Cell Radius Estimation ....................................................................................... 24 4.2.4 Area Coverage .................................................................................................... 25 4.2.5 Placement of base stations .................................................................................. 25 4.2.6 Capacity (Number of Base Stations) .................................................................. 26 v 4.3 Network Designing .................................................................................................... 26 4.3.1 Femtocell, Picocell and WLAN Case................................................................. 27 4.3.2 Active DAS Case ............................................................................................... 28 4.4 Cost Models ............................................................................................................... 31 4.4.1 Infrastructure Cost .............................................................................................. 31 4.4.2 Femtocell, Picocell and WLAN case ................................................................. 33 4.4.3 Active DAS case ................................................................................................ 34 4.4.4 Net Present Value (NPV) ................................................................................... 35 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 37 5 Case Study Assumptions .................................................................................................