DOCUMENT RESUME ED 303 381 SO 019 511 AUTHOR Simcox, David E., Ed. TITLE U.S. Immigration in the 1980s: Reappraisal and Reform. INSTITUTION Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8133-7542-8 PUB DATE 88 NOTE 313p. AVAILABLE FROMWestview Press, Inc., 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) -- Books (010) EDRS PRICE MFO1 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Immigrants; *Labor Legislation; Labor Utilization; Mexicans; Refugees; *Undocumented Immigrants; United States History IDENTIFIERS California; Europe (West); Government Business Relationship; *Immigration Impact; Immigration Law; *Immigration Reform and Control Act 1986; Mexico ABSTRACT The introductory chapter of this volumeon immigration into the United States is entitled "Overview:A Time of Reform and Reappraisal" (D. Simcox), and itintroduces the topics of reform, legal and illegal immigration, the effect ofimmigration on the labor market and social welfare, and immigrationenforcement methods that are discussed in the other 15 articles. Thearticles include: "Network Recruitment and Labor Displacement" (P.Martin); "Seeking Common Ground for Blacks and Immigrants" (J.J. Jackson); "Hispanic Americans: The Debased Coin of Citizenship" (R.Estrada); "Ellis Island: The Building of a Heritage" (E. Sevareid); "Immigration and the National Interest" (0. Graham, Jr.);"A Kind of Discordant Harmony: Issues iiAssimilation" (G. Bikales and G. Imhoff); "Immigration, Population Change, andCalifornia's Future" (L. 3ouvier); "Mexicans: California's NewestImmigrants" (The Urban Institute); "Immigration in the Golden State:The Tarnished Dream" (R. Marshall); "Mexico's Dilemma: Findinga Million Jobs a Year" (D. Simcox); "Employer Sanctions in Europe:Deterrence without Discrimination" (M. Miller); "Europe's Lessons forAmerica" (M. R. Lovell, Jr.); "Principles vs. Expediency in U.S.Immigration Policy" (L. Fuchs); "The U.S. Refugee Industry:Doing Well by Doing Good" (B. Zall); and "How Many Americans?" (L. Grant).The appendix contains a summary of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.Tables are included. (DJC) **************************************t******************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. Immigration in the 1980s Published in cooperation with the Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, D.C. '1 U.S. Immigration in the 1980s Reappraisal and Reform EDITED BY David E. Simcox 4k Westview Press BOULDER & LONDON Center for Immigration Studies WASHINGTON, D.C. v--1 5 This Westview softcover edition is printed on acid-free paper and bound in softcovers thatcarry the highest rating of the National Association of State Textbook Administrators, in consultation with the Association of American Publishers and the Book Manufacturers' Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 0 1988 by Westview Press, Inc., except for Chapter 5 (0 1986, The Hearst Corporation), Chapter 7 (C 1985, Gerda Bikales and Gary Imhoff), and Chapter 15 (C Barnaby Zall) Published in 1988 in the United States of America by Westview Press, Inc., 5500 CentralAvenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data U.S. immigration in the 1980s. Includes index. 1. United StatesEmigration and immigration. 2. United StatesEmigration and immigration Government policy.I. Simcox, David E.II. Title: US immigration in the 1980s.ill. Title: United States immigration in the 1980s. JV6493.U181988 325.73 88-17231 ISBN 0-81337542-8 Pnnted and bound in the United States of America eThe paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984. 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS List of Tables vii Preface ix About the Authors xi I INTRODUCTION 1 IOverviewA Time of Reform and Reappraisal David Simcox ' 1 The Maturing of U.S. Immigration Reform 3 Legal Immigration: The Ceiling ThatDoes Not Seal 13 Illegal Immigration: Counting theShadow Population 23 Immigration and the Labor Market: The Repealof Supply and Demand 31 Immigration and Social Welfare: The Notionof the Non-Revenue Consuming Taxpayer 37 Immigration Enforcement: A Finger inthe Sluice Gates 43 Refugees, Asylum and Sanctuary: NationalPassion versus National Interest 52 Unfinished Business in American ImmigrationPolicy 59 IIIMMIGRATION AND U.S. WORKERS 65 2Network Recruitment and Labor Displacement Philip Martin 67 3Seeking Common Ground for Blacks andImmigrants Jacquelyne Johnson Jackson 92 4Hispanic Americans: The Debased Coin ofCitizenship Richard Estrada 104 III IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALUNITY: IS HISTORY OUR GUIDE? 117 5Ellis hiand.:1 The Building ofa Heritage Eric Sevaffe,d 119 v a vi Contents 6Immigration and the National Interest Otis Graham, Jr. 124 7A Kind of Discordant Harmony: Issues in Assimilation Gerda Bikales and Gary Imhoff 137 IV CALIFORNIA: AMERICA'S IMMIGRATION LABORATORY 151 8Immigration, Population Change and California's Future Leon Bouvier 153 9Mexicans: California's Newest Immigrants The Urban Institute 176 10 Immigration in the Golden State: The Tarnished Dream Ray Marshall 181 V DEMOGRAPHIC CENTRIFUGE BELOW THE BORDER 199 11 Mexico's Dilemma: Finding a Million Jobs a Year David Simcox 201 VIBUILDING A MORE RATIONAL, ENFORCEABLE IMMIGRATION POLICY 215 12 Employer Sanctions in Europe: Deterrence Without Discrimination Mark Miller 217 13 Europe's Lessons for America Malcolm R. Lovell, Jr. 229 14 Principles vs. Exxdiency in U.S. Immigration Policy Lawrence Fuchs 245 15 The U.S. Refugee Industry: Doing Well by Doing Good Barnaby Zall 258 16 How Many Americans? Lindsey Grant 269 Appendix: Summary of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 283 Index 301 LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Legal immigration to the U.S. 1820-1984, 1940-1986 14 1.2 Legal immigration to the U.S. 1820 to 1986 15 1.3 Where U.S. legal immigrants havecome from 17 1.4 Legal immigration by category in the 1980s 18 1.5 Legal immigration by preference category during the late 1980s 19 1.6 Naturalization of immigrants according to country of origin 1983-1985 20 1.7 Top ten urban areas of settlement for 1986 immigrants 21 1.8 Illegal immigrants apprehended 1965 to 1986 24 1.9 Central American migrants in the U.S., by place of current residence and country of origin 26 1.10 Some estimates of illegal alien population in the United States since 1973 28 1.11 INS resources 1977-1987 44 1.12 INS resources 1969-1988 45 1.13 Refugee admissions 1975 to 1987 53 3.1 Blacks' and Hispanics' views on immigration: Tarrance-Hart Poll, 1983 96 3.2 Voting patterns of black representativeson the 1984 and 1986 immigration reform legislation 99 7.1 National allegiance/orientation 145 7.2 Aspects of culture or traditions thought most important to preserve 146 8.1 Population by ethnicity 1970 and 1980 154 8.2 Projected population of California 1980 to 2030 159 8.3 Projected population by ethnicity 1980 to 2030 160 8.4 Projected Asian population by ethnicity 1980to 2030 162 8.5 Percentage distribution by ethnicity 1980, 2000, 2030 164 8.6 Labor force by age groups 1980, 2000, 2030 167 8.7 Labor force by ethnicity, 1980, 2000, 2030 168 8.8 Persons of school age 5-19 by ethnicity 1980, 2000, 2030 170 vii viii Tables 10.1 Comparison of wages in Los Angeles County and the United States, 1972 and 1980 186 10.2 Comparison of wages in the Los Angeles labor market and the percentage of Mexican immigrants in the Los Angeles labor market 188 11.1 Labor force growth in Mexico 1960-2020 202 11.2 INS apprehensions, Mexican ec'nomic growth and U.S. unemployment 203 11.3 Projected growth of the labor force and employment in Mexico, 1985-2000 208 14.1 Asylum cases filed with INS district directors, approved and denied, by nationality, June 1983 to September 1986 251 15.1 Resettlement of Indochinese refugees April 1975- May 1986 261 PREFACE Immigration is a major transforming social force in Americansociety and culture. Since the changes it brings tend to be slow andsubtle, the size and direction of immigration's reshaping force is not alwaysapparent to most Amer- icans. The contribution of immigrationto America's industrial and agricultural might and its rich cultural diversityare inarguable and well documented in a vast literature. But like every other enriching social phenomenon,from indus- trialization to trade unionism to feminism and automation,immigration brings costs in terms of social divisions, economic disruptions. urban tensionsand individual anxieties. Grafting, in societyas in the human body, is rarely without pain and is not always successful. Americano less than the immigrant shares in the discomfort of the adjustmentprocess. This book seeks to add balance to the current literatureon immigration by examining it first in terms of its effectson the United States and the problems or advantages it brings to a rapidly changing society. The book looksat the unrest and demographic forces at work beyond our borders and considersthe options, prospects and obstacles for effective and humanemanagement of im- migration into the United States in the service of clear nationalgoals. While attentive to the past, the contributors to this volume lookmore to the future,