Antimatter Gravity MICE-U.S. Plans withDaniel Muons? M. Kaplan US Spokesperson, MICE Collaboration Dan Kaplan Physics Colloquium MuTACIIT Review 29 AugustFermilab 2013 16–17 March, 2006 Outline • Dramatis Personae • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Required R&D • Conclusions Our story’s a bit complicated, so please bear with me! ...and stop me if you have a question! D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 2/43 Matter & Energy • After many decades of experimentation with subatomic particles, we now know whatDramatis everything is made of... Personae Baryons & antibaryons : p== uud & p uud ΛΛ==uds & uds ... Mesons : K00== ds & K ds B00== db & B db B+ == ub & B− ub ... ∓ ∓ ∓ Leptons : e , µ , τ , ν’s D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 3/43 Matter & Energy • After many decades of experimentation with subatomic particles, we now know whatDramatis everything is made of... Personae “Imperfect mirror” Baryons & antibaryons : Antip== uud & p uud ΛΛ==uds & uds ... Mesons : Anti K00== ds & K ds B00== db & B db Anti B+ == ub & B− ub ... ∓ ∓ Antimatte∓ Leptons : e , µ , τ , ν’s • And, don’t forget: antimatter and matter annihilate on contact D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 3/43 Outline • Dramatis Personae • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Muonium Gravity Experiment • Required R&D • Conclusions D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 4/43 Outline • Dramatis Personae ➡ • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Muonium Gravity Experiment • Required R&D • Conclusions D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 4/43 Our story begins with... D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 5/43 Antimatter! [photo credits: Nobelprize.org] • Introduced by Dirac in 1928 Dirac equation (QM + relativity) - Paul A. M. Dirac described positrons in addition to electrons positron discovered by Anderson in 1932 - Carl Anderson - antiproton discovered by Chamberlain & Segrè in 1955 - now well established that o all charged particles (and many types of neutrals) Owen Chamberlain have antiparticles, of opposite electric charge o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter Emilio Segrè D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 6/43 Baryon Asymmetry o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter – a puzzle! • Already in 1956, M. Goldhaber noted the baryon [M. Goldhaber, “Speculations on Cosmogeny,” asymmetry of the universe (BAU) Science 124 (1956) 218] - universe seems to contain lots of mass in the form of baryons – protons and neutrons – but almost no antimatter! How could this be consistent with the BB? - now generally believed BAU arose through CP violation (discovered in 1964) - but, pre-1964, more plausible to postulate gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter – “antigravity”! D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 7/43 Am. J. Phys. 26 (1958) 358 . [...] [...] [...] • Note: Eqivalence Principle is fundamental to General Relativity ‣ if it doesn’t apply to antimatter, at the very least, our understanding of GR must be modified D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 8/43 Baryon Asymmetry o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter – a puzzle! • Already in 1956, M. Goldhaber noted the baryon [M. Goldhaber, “Speculations on Cosmogeny,” asymmetry of the universe (BAU) Science 124 (1956) 218] - universe seems to contain lots of mass in the form of baryons – protons and neutrons – but almost no antimatter! How could this be consistent with the BB? - now generally believed BAU arose through CP violation (discovered in 1964) - but, pre-1964, more plausible to postulate gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter – “antigravity”! D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 9/43 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 James Cronin, Val Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 Baryon AsymmetryThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ now generally believed BAU arose through CP Theviolation Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 - James Cronin, Val Fitch (discovered in 1964) The Nobel JamesPrize Watson inCronin Physics 1980 • But – where’s the needed CP violation? - CPV discovery [Cronin, Fitch, et al., PRL 13 (1964) 138]: ~10–3 asymmetry in decays of K0 vs K̄0 meson allows distinguishing matter from antimatter James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch ‣ [photo credits: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for in an absolute sense (“annihilating an alien”) Nobelprize.org] the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation - but too weak by orders of magnitude to 8 To cite this page account for observed ~1-in-10 BAU MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> ‣ more CP violation to be discovered?? Val Logsdon Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for • hot particle-physics topic (LHCb/Belle/LBNE...) the discovery of 1violations of 2 of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" 8/22/13 8:11 PM – but, so far, no experimental evidence for it Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation To cite this page D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 MLA style: "The10 Nobel/43 Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> 1 of 2 8/22/13 8:11 PM CPV and Alien Annihilation • Imagine you’re an alien from another galaxy approaching Earth in a spaceship. • Is it safe to land or will you be annihilated on contact??? • Just radio Earth and ask: ‣ “In the decay of the long-lived neutral kaon, is the more common lepton matter or antimatter?” ‣ If you agree with their answer, it’s safe to land! D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 11/43 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 James Cronin, Val Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 Baryon AsymmetryThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ now generally believed BAU arose through CP Theviolation Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 - James Cronin, Val Fitch (discovered in 1964) The Nobel JamesPrize Watson inCronin Physics 1980 • But – where’s the needed CP violation? - CPV discovery [Cronin, Fitch, et al., PRL 13 (1964) 138]: ~10–3 asymmetry in decays of K0 vs K̄0 meson ‣ allows distinguishing matter from antimatter James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch [photo credits: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for in an absolute sense (“annihilating an alien”) Nobelprize.org] the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" - but too weak by orders of magnitude to Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 8 account for observed ~1-in-10 BAU! To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> ‣ more CP violation to be discovered?? Val Logsdon Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for hot particle-physics topic (LHCb/Belle/LBNE...) the discovery of 1violations of 2 of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" 8/22/13 8:11 PM – but, so far, no experimental evidence for it Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation LHCb To cite this page D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 MLA style: "The12 Nobel/43 Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> 1 of 2 8/22/13 8:11 PM But there’s more... D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 13/43 Outline • Dramatis Personae • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... ➡ • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Muonium Gravity Experiment • Required R&D • Conclusions D.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT IIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 14/43 Three Cosmological Puzzles 1. Baryon asymmetry ‣ as we’ve seen, believed to be due to CPV, but insufficient CPV seen experimentally to support this 2. Expansion of universeDark appears Matter? to be accelerating Evidence‣ believed for Darkto be Matterdue to “comesdark fromenergy,”http://www.astro.umd.edu/~ssm/mond/fit_compare.html comprising 70% http://astroweb.case.edu/ssm/mond/ motionof attotal large – but scales: no direct not enough observational gravity fit_compare.html fromevidence visible matter. as to its nature or existence 3. Galactic rotation curves ‣ suggest existence of large amounts of “dark matter” (5NASA x normal matter) – but dark matter particles have yet to be found Alternative is to modify gravity: Might there be a simpler explanation??? ModifiedD.#M.#Kaplan,#IIT NewtonianIIT#Physics#Colloquium######8/29/13 Dynamics (MOND). 15/43 2 2 F = GMm/r = mµ(a/a0)a ~ (ma if a>>a0),(ma /a0 if a<<a0) Gravitational vacuum polarization could give MOND. Requires gravitational dipoles Thomas Phillips 16 of 59 Antigravity? • What if matter and antimatter repel gravitationally? - leads to universe with separated matter and antimatter regions, and makes gravitational dipoles possible BAU is local, not global no need [A.