This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Tribal experiences and lessons learned in riparian ecosystem restoration Ronald K. Miller’, James E. Enote*, and Cameron L. Martinez3 Abstract.-Riparian ecosystems have been part of the culture of land use of native peoples in the Southwest United States for thousands of years. The experiences of tribal riparian initiatives to incorporate modern elements of environment and development with cultural needs are relatively few. This paper describes tribal case examples and approaches in riparian manage- ment which may advance discussions of cultural values in resource manage- ment for rural and developing communities such as those on tribal lands in the United States. INTRODUCTION For many tribes in the arid Southwest, rivers, streams, and springs were, and continue to be, the “Mastamho drove a willow stick into the ground and “center of existence.” Neither the people, nor the drew out the water that became the Colorado River unique cultures that developed, could survive and with it came the fish and ducks. He gave the without the “lifeblood of the desert”: The people the river and everything along the river. Southwest’s rivers and streams. Whatever grew there was theirs, as he said, and they were the Aha Macave, the Mojave, the people who live along the river.” CENTERS OF EXISTENCE So states the Mojave’s creation story. The story provides background and valuable insight into the Most Southwest tribes still live along the river significance of a particular river to tribal custom courses and depend on them for a wide variety of and culture. This relationship between the Mojave uses. Sharing the Colorado River with the Mojaves people and the Colorado River is further explained are almost a dozen other tribes. Upstream are the on a brass plaque on the Fort Mojave Reservation Navajo, the Havasupai, and the Hualapai. Down- where the present day states of Nevada, Arizona, stream are the Chemehuevi, the Colorado River and California meet: Indian Tribes (consisting of four tribal groups), the “For the Aha Macave the river was the center of exist- Quechan at Fort Yuma, and the Cocopah. ence. They practiced a dry farming method, relying on the regular overflow of the Colorado River to Major tributaries of the Colorado River also play irrigate crops planted along the banks. They supple- host to many tribes in Arizona. The White Moun- mented this with wild seeds and roots, especially tain and San Carlos Apache reservations are mesquite beans, and game and fish taken from the separated by the Black River, which as it flows river with traps and nets.“ westward becomes the Salt River. As this river ’ Woodlands Forester, USDI Bureau of Indian Affairs, Phoenix continues downstream, it gives its name to a Area Office, Phoenix, AZ. reservation whose southern boundary it forms: the p Project Leader, Zuni Conservation Project and Department Salt River Reservation, home to Pima and Head for Natural Resources, Pueblo of Zuni, Zuni, NM. Maricopa people. Their reservation also plays host 3 Forest Manager, USDI Bureau of Indian Affairs, Northern to the Verde River, a beautiful river that first Pueblos Agency, San Juan, NM. serves as a centerpiece to the Fort McDowell 198 Indian Reservation. The Verde and the Salt become sions, riparian areas have values which are one on the Salt River Reservation and continues to nonquantifiable. flow westward to form the northern border of the In academic and economic standards, efficient Gila River Reservation. This reservation, as its productivity is a desirable goal and riparian areas name implies, is bisected by the flowing waters of are resources with quantifiable values to be pre- the Gila. As the Gila flows out of the reservation served or perhaps shared for multiple uses. These and joins the Salt, it takes its name with it causing values and how they are taken into consideration the Salt River to once again change its name. This are at the center of planning riparian area manage- western stretch of the river with its increased flow, ment on Indian lands in the Southwest. in turn, travels through yet another reservation As tribes prepare for the twenty-first century, a and once again gives the reservation its geographic reshaping of tribal capability has begun and new namesake. The Gila Bend Reservation, a district perspectives are coming to light on how riparian actually of the Tohono O’odham Nation, is the last areas will contribute to the needs of tribal peoples reservation the river passes through before con- and the dependent life forms on tribal and adjacent tinuing west to join the Colorado River’s southern lands. There are needs which must be addressed migration. before plans of action can be drawn, and there are Even for Arizona tribes whose present location issues which must be discussed and dealt with may not make the riparian connection obvious, before planning can begin. there is almost always a cultural link. The Ak Chin reservation, south of Phoenix, currently lacks any flowing streams, in part because heavy ground SEEKING A BALANCE water pumping has depleted much of the available water in the area. Historically, however, the Ak A visitor to Indian country will almost certainly Chin were nomadic farmers who followed the be amazed at the ability of tribes to get things done water that made their land arable. Their tribal with their complicated theocratic and democratic name, in fact, means “Mouth of the wash”. governing systems. But things do get done, albeit In New Mexico, a majority of the tribes center in a different sort of way. Tribes may have differ- along the Rio Grande. The Tewa, Tiwa, Towa, and ent languages, customs, and indigenous religions, Keresan settled along the Rio Grande living in but each shares a common thread of belief which close knit communities that the Spanish later assures continuance and sustainability of the named the pueblos of Taos, San Juan, Santa Clara, people. It is within this weave of beliefs that a San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, fabric evolved which allowed these tribes to live in San Felipe, Santa Ana, Sandia, and Isleta. Other the same areas for centuries before this great Pueblos not directly on the Rio Grande, line tribu- republic was created. As tribes seek a balance taries of the Rio Grande such as the Jemez river between maintaining cultural identity and accept- which the Jemez, Zia, and Santa Ana reservations ing aspects of modern land management, there are all share. Their Zuni cousins settled along the Zuni strategies emerging which are uniquely their own River in western New Mexico. design and strategies which are nearly complete When tribal peoples of the Southwest discuss templates of national standards. In some cases what scientists and land managers call riparian there are hybrids of both systems. areas there is a definite duality in how these areas It is important for non-Indians to understand are defined. For tribes of the Southwest, the heri- that each tribe has a certain way of doing things, tage of land use includes riparian areas and is an much relating to the history and culture of the inherent component in many of these cultures. In deeper religious terms, riparian areas are ex- respective tribe. In the case of riparian lands, there tremely important icons of survival, continuance, is a whole spectrum of possibilities for protection and reverence for societies and people long passed or development, and far more choices than are away. But the esoteric religious knowledge and available on state or federal lands. Case examples importance of riparian areas is also secret and of different tribal approaches to riparian ecosystem private in its meaning and use. In these expres- restoration are described below. 199 FORT MOJAVE AND COLORADO RIVER ZUNI INDIAN RESERVATION INDIAN TRIBES In the remote plateau and canyon country of Tribal members on the Fort Mojave and Colo- west central New Mexico, the Zuni Tribe has rado River Indian Reservations still extensively use created a unique program of watershed restoration the Colorado River. It provides an ever present and riparian conservation based on Zuni cultural source of irrigation water for their extensive values and assessments of geomorphic processes. agricultural fields, a home for the many species of The work began as a result of a law suit brought wildlife that utilize the river corridor, and a tourist against the United States for improprieties related magnet for water-based recreational activities. to trust responsibilities. The river also provides favorable mesic habitat The case was eventually settled out of court in for plant species having important significance 1990 and a substantial trust fund was established from which interest would fund watershed resto- both ecologically and culturally. Mesquite is ration and sustainable development of Zuni re- especially valued as it supplies wood for sources in perpetuity. cradleboards, beans for food, and is used in combi- In late 1991, the Zuni Tribe established the Zuni nation with arrowweed in funeral pyres for tradi- Conservation Project to lead a program of tional Mojave cremations. Willows provide mate- watershed restoration and resource development rial for basket making. Historical documentation, which includes riparian restoration. Based on oral tradition, and legends all point to the many interviews with religious leaders, farmers, live- cultural connections the tribe has with the river stock growers, and other land users, attention to and those plant and animal species tied to the the culture of Zuni land use became the scope and riparian ecosystem. mission of Zuni’s efforts in environmental restora- Two recent fires (Spring, 1995) which burned an tion and land use planning.