THE AUSTRALIAN WAR CRIMES TRIALS AND INVESTIGATIONS (1942-51) By D.C.S.Sissons C O N T E N T S THE AUSTRALIAN WAR CRIMES INQUIRIES Tol Massacre First Webb Inquiry Second Webb Inquiry Third Webb Inquiry THE INDICTMENT OF THE MAJOR JAPANESE WAR CRIMINALS THE WAR CRIMES ACT, 1945 THE AUSTRALIAN MILITARY COURTS History Composition and Procedure THE TRIALS Massacres of Surrendered Troops Laha Parit Sulong P.O.W Camps and Work-Places Borneo: Sandakan and Ranau First Sandakan-Ranau Death March Second Sandakan-Ranau Death March Massacre of Survivors at Ranau and Sandakan Sarawak: Kuching and Miri The Burma-Siam Railway Tan Toey Camp, Ambon Hainan Is Indian P.O.W Chinese P.O.W United Kingdom P.O.W The Command Responsibility Trials Murder and Ill-Treatment of Natives Ocean Is Nauru New Britain 2 THE TRIALS (cont.) Murder and Ill-Treatment of Local Chinese New Ireland New Britain Nauru Murder and Ill-Treatment of Caucasian Residents New Ireland New Britain Infiltration Parties The Otakwa Party The Ainbai Party The Batavia Escapees: Operation ‘Ki’ The Tambisan Party Captured Air-Crews Tandjong Priok Ambon Double Jeopardy PRISON SENTENCES: LOCATIONS & EVENTUAL REMISSIONS CRIMES NOT BROUGHT TO TRIAL Table A: Statistics—Australian war Crimes Trials Table B: Australian War Crimes Trials—Classified by Victim Abbreviations Notes Select Bibliography 3 THE AUSTRALIAN WAR CRIMES INQUIRIES In January 1942 the governments-in-exile of the countries under Nazi occupation issued the Declaration of St James in which they adopted as a principal war aim the punishment of those responsible for ordering, perpetrating or participating in war crimes and resolved to ensure that they be sought out, handed over to justice and judged. The United States and British governments associated themselves with these objectives and, to facilitate their implementation, on 8 August 1942 proposed the setting up of a United Nations War Crimes Commission (U.N.W.C.C.) whose functions would include the preliminary examination of charges against individual war criminals for extradition for trial by the Ally laying the charges. Australia on 8 December 1942 made application to join the U.N.W.C.C. as an original member. THE ALLEN COURT OF INQUIRY—THE TOL MASSACRE At 2 a.m. on 23 January 1942 the Japanese task force for the capture of Rabaul, the Nankai Shitai (Maj.Gen Horii), landed at several points in Blanche Bay. Comprising the force were the three battalions of the 144th Infantry Regiment (Col Kusunose) and supporting arms. Resistance by the outnumbered Australian garrison (2/22nd Bn and supporting arms) continued until about 5 p.m., by which time the garrison had split up into small parties moving, for the most part, along two escape routes, the one in the direction of Pondo on the west coast, the other in the direction of Awul on the east coast. As part of the mopping up operations, 3rd Bn, 144 Regt (Lt.Col Kuwada) despatched a force by sea from Kokopo to intercept the escapees at Tol Plantation, a choke point where the eastern escape routes converged. It landed there on the morning of February 3rd. A party of 22 congregated around a white flag on the beach awaiting the arrival of the Japanese was spared and taken back to Kokopo. But during the day the remaining Australian troops in the area were rounded up and imprisoned in a large hut. The next day they were bound together in groups of nine or ten, marched off into the undergrowth and killed by the bayonet, one by one. The Japanese force re-embarked for Kokopo the same day. Six of the victims left for dead managed to survive and were rescued by later groups of Australians moving along the eastern escape route. They were among the 156 escapees by the eastern route who reached Port Moresby aboard the Laurabada on April 12th. This was reported to the Advisory War Council on by the C.G.S. on April 28th. The Adjutant General thereupon on May 12th appointed a Court of Inquiry (President: Brig A.R.Allen) with the following terms of reference: To inquire into and report upon the facts and circumstances associated with the landing of Japanese forces and events subsequent thereto in New Britain, Timor and Ambon, and in particular, the facts and circumstances relating to: (a) the surrender and capture of Australian troops; (b)the treatment of Australian prisoners of war by Japanese troops; (c) the death. after capture or surrender, of Australian troops; (d) any acts of terrorism or brutality practised by the Japanese against Australian troops; (e) any breaches of International Law or rules of warfare committed by Japanese forces…1 After examining under oath the available survivors and independent witnesses who had passed through the area, the Court on July 8th reported its finding that There were at least four separate massacres of prisoners on the morning of 4th February, the first of about 100, the second of 6, the third of 24 and the fourth of about 11… All the men had surrendered or been captured and held in captivity for some time before being slaughtered.2 Those responsible for the Tol Massacre were never brought to trial. Horii was drowned in the withdrawal down the Kumasi River on 19 November 1942. Kuwada was killed in action near Giruwa on 22nd November. Kusunose after his preliminary interrogation by 2 Aust War Crimes Section in Tokyo on 5th and 6th December 1945 fled to Takigahara and committed suicide there on December 17th.3 FIRST WEBB INQUIRY Following the Japanese landings in New Britain and New Guinea in 1942, evidence accumulated of the commission of atrocities. On 30 January 1943 the Commander-in Chief Australian Military Forces instructed the Chief of the General Staff to issue formal directions to formation headquarters to collect and submit evidence of atrocities with a view to its examination by a competent judicial authority. Such directions were duly issued on February 3rd. On March 31st the Minister for the Army at the instance of the Commander–in-Chief wrote to the Prime Minister requesting ‘the appointment of a judicial authority who would take the evidence and submit a full report on this matter’. As a result the Australian Attorney-General (Dr H.V.Evatt—concurrently Minister for External Affairs) on 23 June 1943 commissioned Sir William Webb (Chief Justice of Queensland) To inquire into and report to the Attorney-General on … whether there have been any atrocities or breaches of the rules of warfare on the part of members of the Japanese Armed Forces in or in the neighbourhood of the Territory of New Guinea or the Territory of Papua and, if so, what evidence is available of any such atrocities or breaches4. The Inquiry heard testimony from officers and troops from Australian and United States formations that had been in action in the region up to the capture of Komiatum on the approach to Salamaua in late August (1943). To this end Webb visited and conducted hearings at places in rear areas in Papua and North Queensland where the formations were recuperating and retraining. Testimony was also taken from natives and civilians. Also tendered as evidence were captured enemy documents and the interrogation reports of Japanese prisoners of war. Webb on 15 March 1944 tendered his report (c.450 pp) together with the affidavits of the 471 witnesses he had examined.5 His findings included: (i) The massacres on 3 January 1942 at Tol and Waitavalo plantations in New Britain of at least 123 Australian soldiers and civilians; (ii) The torture and killing of up to 59 male and female natives and 36 Australian soldiers at various points in the Milne Bay area in August/September 1942; (iii) The execution of 11 missionaries (male and female) at Buna, Popondetta and Guadalcanal in August 1942; (iv) A number of cases during the 5 Owen Stanleys campaign where individual Australian and American prisoners had been tied to trees and bayoneted; (v) Mutilation of the dead and cannibalism; (vi) The execution of the bomber pilot, Flt-Lt W.E.Newton V.C., at Salamua on 29 March 1943. SECOND WEBB INQUIRY The function of the U.N.W.C.C. was: (i) to hear evidence of war crimes brought to it by member governments and, where it considered that a substantial case had been made out, to list the perpetrator for arrest and extradition ; (ii) to make recommendations to member governments on how war criminals 333could be brought to trial. It held its first meeting on 20 October 1943 and in reporting this to his Minister (Dr Evatt) the Secreatary of the Department of External Affairs recommended that to this end a new commission should be issued to Webb to conduct a continuous inquiry regarding war crimes against Australians and to bring before the Governments such cases as should be forwarded to the UN.W.C.C.. On 9 February 1944 Evatt issued an invitation to Webb in these terms, which Webb accepted on February 24th. The new commission was issued on June 8th. In hearings that commenced on 14 August 1944 and concluded on October 20th testimony was taken from 112 witnesses. Forty-one gave evidence on the torpedoing of the hospital ship Centaur by a Japanese submarine off Brisbane on 14 May 1943. Twelve Australian P.O.W. rescued by American submarines when the Japanese transport, Rakuyo Maru, was sunk off Hainan on 12 September 1944 gave evidence on the murder and ill-treatment of P.O.W. on the Burma-Siam railway and elsewhere in South-East Asia.