Inhabiting in the City: the Aymara People in Arica, Chile. Social and Cultural Factors in Government Housing Programmes an Interdisciplinary Study Diego Andrés González Carrasco Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield School of Architecture January 2016 VOLUME I EDITED VERSION WITH THIRD PARTY COPYRIGHT MATERIAL REMOVED ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I would like to thanks to the Chilean State, that trough the scholarship programme BECAS CHILE funded these doctoral studies. Fundamental in the development of this research has been Professor Peter Blundell Jones, who as my principal supervisor has given me his guidance and knowledge at all times, having been an unquestioned academic support in this process. I must also thank my second supervisor Professor Flora Samuel who from the first day that I arrived at the university gave me her support. I would especially like to thank all the Aymara people I interviewed who had the generosity not only opening their homes to be measured and photographed, but rather they told me their life stories during the conversations conducted. My eternal gratitude to all of them. My gratitude to my colleagues and friends of the Graduate School of Architecture with whom I shared this stage. To my family and friends in Chile who always encouraged this adventure away from home and especially my grandmother Olga who despite the distance, accompanied me and gave me her affection always. Finally I would like to thank Ana Maria Carrasco and Hector Gonzalez, my parents. As anthropologists, they gave me a fundamental academic support to undertake this research and from a personal point of view they have always been a great support to me in my life, especially in recent years, with their infinite love and affection. Thanks to everyone who had some role in this process, my eternal gratitude. ABSTRACT The Aymara population in America is divided between Bolivia, Perú and Chile, with smallest percentage in this last country. Even so, in Chile the Aymara people are the second largest indigenous group, with a population of 48.000. They are located in northern Chile, especially in the “Arica Parinacota” and “Tarapaca” regions. In the past three decades, the Aymara people have migrated mainly to the large coastal urban centres, the cities of Arica and Iquique. With this situation they recovered their position in all ecological zones of the area (the highlands, the valleys and the costal area), after being confined to the highlands after the Spanish conquest. However, the migration process has meant a large number of transformations. The traditional ways of inhabiting have to adapt to the housing programme conditions given by the Chilean state. This research attempts to document the current situation of how Aymara families live in the city of Arica, through an understanding of their traditional cultural roots. NOTES About terms in other languages: - The terms altiplano or highlands are used interchangeably in the text to refer to the high geographical area within the coastal areas of the regions of Arica and Parinacota called Tarapacá, the traditional inhabiting space of the Aymara people in Chile. - The Aymara words used in the text are written in Italics, for example: uta. Meanwhile the Spanish words maintained to name some concepts are written with quotation marks, for example: “allegados”. Translations: - All translations from Spanish to English of sources and individuals are made by me unless otherwise stated in the text. About the photographic record of the studied cases: - In the twelve cases the photographic record of the spaces of the houses was discussed during the interview, in some of the cases a request to photograph the bedrooms was refused and that was respected. Meanwhile in cases 8 and 10. the owners and interviews decided that no photographic record should be performed. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES VOLUME I Table 01 Summary information of the interviewed cases 11 Table 02 Categorization of the questionnaire 12 Table 03 Summary of spaces presented in the houses studied 154 Table 04 Summary of space size in social housing cases 154 Table 05 Summary of space size in private housing cases 155 VOLUME II INTRODUCTION Figure 0.1 Chile in South America 01 Figure 0.2 Chile divided by regions 02 Figure 0.3 Localization of the cases in Arica 03 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1 The Aymara in South America 05 Figure 2.2 House of a Peruvian resident in Tacna marked with a black cross by the Chilean patriotic leagues1 06 Figure 2.3 Stores owned by Peruvian citizens burned during patriotic riots2 07 CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1 Schematic representation of the spatial occupation concept of an ayllu 09 Figure 3.2 The uta in the middle of the territory today 10 Figure 3.3 Paskana, precarious construction located in the grazing area for seasonal use 11 Figure 3.4 House in the central and ceremonial town 12 Figure 3.5 Example of an Aymara house in the marka, drawing made during fieldwork 13 Figure 3.6 Example of an Aymara house in the marka, drawing made during fieldwork 14 Figure 3.7 Old marka village now abandoned 15 Figure 3.8 Catholic church and the ritual public space in Isluga 16 Figure 3.9 Schematic plan of the “Indigenous Villages”, proposal of Juan de Matienzo3 17 Figure 3.10 Representation of the ritual map of the marka4 17 Figure 3.11 The uta 18 Figure 3.12 Example of an uta, drawing made during fieldwork 19 Figure 3.13 Plans and sections of the basic module of the uta 20 Figure 3.14 Example of a basic module of the uta today 21 1 Photographic library of Tacna City Council, Peru 2 Ibid 3 Sordo E. (1995) Las resducciones en Potosí y su character urbano. Revista Complutense de Historia de América nº 21, pp. 231-239 4 Van Kessel, J. (1996) Los aymara contemporaneos en Chile. in Hidalgo, J. et al. ed. (1996) Etnografía. Sociedades indígenas contemporaneas y su ideología, Editorial Andres Bello. Santiago Figure 3.15 Examples of modules aggrupation possibilities in the uta 22 Figure 3.16 A wall made of adobe bricks and stones 23 Figure 3.17 The roof of the uta 24 Figure 3.18 Our vehicle covered to avoid the freezing temperatures during the night 25 Figure 3.19 The central courtyard or patio of a uta today 26 Figure 3.20 Loom build with wooden stakes being used in the courtyard of an uta 27 Figure 3.21 Space defined by stonewalls to light fires in the patio 28 Figure 3.22 Space defined by stonewalls to light fires in the patio 29 Figure 3.23 External adobe oven in the patio 29 Figure 3.24 Boiling water in the patio 30 Figure 3.25 Stone pens near the uta 31 Figure 3.26 Wood pens near the uta 32 Figure 3.27 Stone foundations 33 Figure 3.28 Adobe bricks drying in the sun 34 Figure 3.29 A covered window in the uta 35 Figure 3.30 Roof structure consisting in a wooden frame 36 Figure 3.31 The wooden frame is held by ropes or soaked leather strips 37 Figure 3.32 The pathati, which is a raised platform built of adobe 38 Figure 3.33 The kitchen or tupu is composed of a fireplace at ground level built of stones and mud 38 Figure 3.34 The traditional tableware consists of water jars, pots of different sizes and bowls 39 Figure 3.35 Interior view of a room of the uta 39 Figure 3.36 Wall construction using adobe bricks1 40 Figure 3.37 Wall construction using adobe bricks2 41 Figure 3.38 Separating of the straw, on one side of the construction place3 42 Figure 3.39 Once the straw it is mixed with clay is cut into units4 43 Figure 3.40 Then the roof structure is made. This is of wood, forming a set of 9 pairs of sticks, these pairs are tied at the ridge edge with ropes or soaked leather strips5 44 Figure 3.41 Finished wooden roof structure6 45 Figure 3.42 The Sasiyus7 46 Figure 3.43 Bundles of straw are soaked in clay8 47 Figure 3.44 The roof is finished9 48 Figure 3.45 A willancha outside the house during the celebrations. a llama is sacrificed 10 and the blood scattered in the corners of the house 49 1 Solc, V. (1975) Casa Aymara en Enquelga. Annals of the Náprstek Museum N° 8, pp. 111-146 2 Ibid 3 Ibid 4 Ibid 5 Ibid 6 Ibid 7 Ibid 8 Ibid 9 Ibid 10 Ibid CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Interiors conditions of a “conventillo” in Santiago1 51 Figure 4.2 Interiors conditions of a “conventillo” in Santiago2 51 Figure 4.3 Examples of “conventillos” plans 51 Figure 4.4 Housing complexes built in several cities of northern Chile: Arica, Tocopilla, Iquique and Antofagasta, influenced by the CIAM3 52 Figure 4.5 Housing complexes built in several cities of northern Chile: Arica, Tocopilla, Iquique and Antofagasta, influenced by the CIAM4 52 Figure 4.6 Plans of the housing complexes built in several cities of northern Chile 52 Figure 4.7 Housing Unit Diego Portales, emblematic building and considered National Heritage5 53 Figure 4.8 San Borja Remodeling, an example of a line of urban intervention produced for middle class families6 53 Figure 4.9 German Riesco housing group, original units and proposed enlargement. 54 Figure 4.10 Colina Norte housing units. Ground and Upper level. 55 Figure 4.11 Example of housing blocs built during the first democratic government7 56 Figure 4.12 Example of two level housing units built during the first democratic government8 56 Figure 4.13 Las Parcelas housing units.