ACTA CARSOLOGICA 34/3 8 691-767 LJUBLJANA 2005 COBISS: 1.01 TABOR NAD ZAGORJEM – ŠILENTABOR, ZAŠČITNA ARHEOLOŠKA SONDIRANJA NA OBMOČJU GRAJSKEGA KOMPLEKSA TABOR ABOVE ZAGORJE – ŠILENTABOR, ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESCUE SAMPLE TRENCHING IN THE AREA OF THE CASTLE COMPLEX PATRICIJA BRATINA1 1Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Nova Gorica, Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica e-mail: [email protected] Prejeto/received: 1. 8. 2005 Acta carsologica, 34/3 (2005) Izvleček Abstract UDK: 903.4(497.4) UDC: 903.4(497.4) Patricija Bratina: Tabor nad Zagorjem Patricija Bratina: Tabor above Zagorje Šilentabor, zaščitna arheološka sondiranja Šilentabor, archaeological rescue sample na območju grajskega kompleksa trenching in the area of the castle complex Dolini reke Pivke in Reke tvorita naraven The valleys of the Pivka and Reka rivers prehod iz zgornjega Posavja v Tržaški zaliv make a natural passage from the upper Posavje in Kvarnerski zaliv. Strateška pomembnost to the Trieste and Quarnero Bays. The strategic tega prostora se je v prazgodovini odražala s significance of this area in prehistoric times is številnimi gradišči–naselbinami na zavarovanih shown in the numerous hillforts/settlements on vrhovih, v kasni antiki z rimskimi obrambnimi the secured peaks of the hills in Late Antiqui- zaporami ter v obdobju turških vpadov s ty with Roman defence blockades, and in the protiturškimi tabori. Zaščitna arheološka times of Turkish invasions with forts against sondiranja leta 1996 v območju arheološkega the Turks. Rescue sample trenching in 1996 spomenika Tabor nad Zagorjem – Šilentabor, in the area of the Tabor archaeological monu- Arheološko najdišče, EŠD: 764, so odkrila del ment above Zagorje - Šilentabor, archaeologi- ostankov srednjeveške obrambne arhitekture, cal site reference EŠD: 764, revealed part of the zlasti pa številne arheološke artefakte, ki remains of a Middle Age defence architectural potrjujejo v zgodovinskih virih omenjeno structure and numerous archaeological artifacts, gradnjo in življenje znotraj grajskega kompleksa which confirm construction and life within the od 15. do 17. stoletja. castle complex from the 15th to 17th centuries, as mentioned in historical sources. Ključne besede: arheologija, grad, gradišče, Key words: archaeology, castle, hillfort, fort protiturški tabor, Šilentabor, Slovenija. against Turks, Šilentabor, Slovenia. ČASOVNI ORIS CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE V prvih zgodovinskih obdobjih je bilo In the first historical periods, the Pivka river porečje reke Pivke politično-upravno del rimske basin was politically and administratively part pokrajine Histrije, ki s svojimi mejami sega do of the Roman province Histria bordering on Hrušice, Javornikov in Snežnika. Za srednji vek Hrušica, Javorniki and Snežnik. In the Middle so značilni stalni boji za gospostvo nad prehodi Ages there were incessant battles for domina- in deželami med zgornjim Jadranom in zgornjim tion over the passages and provinces between Posavjem. Od 14. stoletja pa vse do konca 1. the upper Adriatic coast and the upper Posavje. svetovne vojne so gospodarji kraških predelov From the 14th century to the end of World War in zaledja Severnega Jadrana ter Kvarnerja I, the Austrian Habsburgs ruled over the Karst avstrijski Habsburžani. Tako sega Kranjska vse areas and the hinterland of the Northern Adri- do morja (Kos 1985). Preko doline reke Pivke atic and the Quarnero. Carniola extended as far vodijo v srednjem veku pomembne poti, ki so as to the coast (Kos 1985). In the Middle Ages, bile sicer v veljavi že v prazgodovini in antiki. important roads, dating back to prehistoric and Prva, imenovana Notranjska ali Patriarhova pot, Roman times, led along the Pivka river valley. 692 Patricija Bratina: Tabor nad Zagorjem - Šilentabor, zaščitna arheološka sondiranja na območju grajskega kompleksa je vodila iz Vipavske doline prek Razdrtega in The first one, the Notranjska or Patriarch Road, je zavila proti Pivki, na Planino in dalje proti led from the Vipavska Valley via Razdrto and Cerknici, Blokam in Ložu ter druga, tako turned towards Pivka, Planina and further on imenovana Reška trgovska pot, je potekala iz to Cerknica, Bloke and Lož. The second route, osrednje Slovenije prek Postojne in po dolini the so-called Reka Trade Road, led from central reke Pivke proti jugu preko Zagorja in Knežaka Slovenia through Postojna, along the Pivka val- v dolino notranjske Reke in naprej do Kvarnerja ley to the south via Zagorje and Knežak in the (Kos 1985; Kosi 1998). V 15. stoletju naj bi valley of the Reka river from Notranjska and Reška trgovska pot dosegla višek prometa, kar je then to the Quarnero (Kos 1985; Kosi 1998). povezano z mestom Reko, ki je bila prav takrat In the 15th century, the Rijeka Trade Road is eno glavnih izvoznih pristanišč za trgovino believed to have reached its economic peak, slovenskega zaledja. Tako naj bi po tej cesti šlo because the city of Rijeka at the time was one v obeh smereh 25000 tovorov letno, kar pomeni of the main export ports for Slovenian hinter- izredno prometno frekvenco (Kosi 1998). land trade. Twenty-five thousand loads passed Kasneje je s prisilnim usmerjanjem trgovine along this road annually in both directions, and zaledja na Trst in tudi zaradi turških vpadov this was considered an extraordinary frequency ter vojn med Benetkami in Habsburžani pričel (Kosi 1998). Later, hinterland trade was forced naraščati promet v Trstu in je temu sledil upad to turn to Trieste, and trade in Trieste began to trgovine na Reki. Mimo Tabora nad Zagorjem pa increase - partially as a result of Turkish inva- vodi v poznem srednjem veku še ena prometna sions and the wars between the Venetian Repub- smer, ki naj bi imela predvsem velik pomen lic and the Habsburg monarchy. Consequently, za kmečko trgovino slovenskih dežel. Gre za trade in Rijeka decreased. The course of another smer, ki se je od reške ceste ocepila na Pivki in road led past Tabor above Zagorje in the Late vodila po številnih poteh čez Brkine in Čičarijo Middle Ages, and it was presumably very im- v notranjost Istre (Kosi 1998). portant for the peasant trade of the Slovenian provinces. It branched off the Rijeka road at 15. in 16. stoletje sta bili za slovenskega kmeta Pivka and led into the interior of Istria along nu- eni najtežjih v zgodovini. Zaradi uveljavljanja merous routes across Brkini and Čičarija (Kosi blagovno-denarnih odnosov je prišlo do kriz v 1998). sistemu zemljiškega gospodarstva, povečanja tlake, obsega dominikalne zemlje fevdalcev in s The 15th and 16th centuries were among tem obubožanja kmetov, k čemer sta pripomogla the hardest in the history of Slovenian peasants. še cerkev in cesar z novimi dajatvami. Tako Instead of commodities, money became the me- kmet uhaja v mesta ali pa si išče zaslužka v dium of exchange, which resulted in crises in tovorništvu in prekupčevanju (Fister 1975; Kos the system of land-holding economics, socage 1985). Les, lesni izdelki domače obrti, platno, increases, increase in the dominion of feudal turjaško železo in domača živina so glavni lords and consequently in the impoverishment predmeti kmečkega kupčevanja in tovorjenja s of peasants - their situation was only worsened Krasa na morje, odtod v zaledje pa predvsem by the church and the emperor who instituted vino, sol in olje. Da je bila opustelost kmetij na new taxes. Peasants fled to towns or searched for Notranjskem ogromna, govori že podatek za their earnings in freighting and reselling (Fister postojnsko gospostvo, in sicer naj bi bilo leta 1975; Kos 1985). They traded mainly in timber, 1498 od 359 kmečkih obdelovalnih enot kar home-made wood products, linen, Turjak iron 38% opustelih kmetij (Kos 1985). Dodatno se v and livestock from the Karst to the seaside, and drugi polovici 15. stoletja pričnejo še intenzivni wine, salt and oil were loaded and sold in the vpadi Turkov v Pivško kotlino. Prav na Pivki opposite direction. A good many of the farms in sta se srečali dve glavni poti turških vpadov, in the Notranjska region remained uninhabited. A sicer iz Kvarnerja prek doline notranjske Reke data entry regarding Postojna seigneury reveals 693 Acta carsologica, 34/3 (2005) in prek Blok in Cerknice. that of the 359 farms recorded in 1498, 38 % were deserted (Kos 1985). Če sedaj povzamemo zgoraj navedene okoliščine, nam je gradnja grajskega oziroma To make things worse, vigorous Turkish in- taborskega kompleksa plemičev Raunach na vasions began in the Pivka basin in the second Šilentaboru več kot razumljiva. Ti so s pomočjo half of the 15th century. It was precisely on the podeželskega prebivalstva postavili na najbolj Pivka that two of the main routes of the Turkish varovanem delu na vrhu hriba grad zase in invasions coincided – the first from the Quarn- tabor za okoliške vasi, da bi zavarovali sebe in ero along the valley of the Reka river and the svoje imetje pred vpadajočimi Turki. S tem ko second via the Bloke pass and Cerknica. je bil tabor namenjen tudi varovanju tlačanov It seems to follow from all these circum- in njihovega imetja, so vsaj delno zaustavili stances that the Raunach noblemen undertook nadaljevanje opuščanja kraških kmetij in construction of the castle and fortification com- ohranili tlačane, hkrati pa so ti isti tlačani v plex at Šilentabor. With the help of local peas- primeru vdora Turkov na Šilentabor branili tudi ants, the Raunachs chose the most protected part grad. of the hill and built a castle for themselves and a fort for the people from surrounding villages to protect themselves and their property against PRAZGODOVINSKO GRADIŠČE, invading Turks. The fort was at least partly CERKEV SV. MARTINA meant for the protection of peasants and their property. In such a manner, they kept their vas- Že zelo zgodaj so mogočna gradišča na sals and prevented more Karst homes from be- Notranjskem privabila prve starinokope, katerih ing deserted. And the peasants who were given delo je bilo omejeno bolj ali manj na iskanje refuge helped defend the castle against Turks.