Official Conference Proceedings ISSN: 2187 - 4735 acas2014 accs2014 “To Open Minds, To Educate Intelligence, To Inform Decisions” The International Academic Forum provides new perspectives to the thought-leaders and decision-makers of today and tomorrow by offering constructive environments for dialogue and interchange at the intersections of nation, culture, and discipline. Headquartered in Nagoya, Japan, and registered as a Non-Profit Organization 一般社( 団法人) , IAFOR is an independent think tank committed to the deeper understanding of contemporary geo-political transformation, particularly in the Asia Pacific Region. INTERNATIONAL INTERCULTURAL INTERDISCIPLINARY iafor The Executive Council of the International Advisory Board IAB Chair: Professor Stuart D.B. Picken IAB Vice-Chair: Professor Jerry Platt Mr Mitsumasa Aoyama Professor June Henton Professor Baden Offord Director, The Yufuku Gallery, Tokyo, Japan Dean, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Professor of Cultural Studies and Human Rights & Co- USA Director of the Centre for Peace and Social Justice Professor David N Aspin Southern Cross University, Australia Professor Emeritus and Former Dean of the Faculty of Professor Michael Hudson Education, Monash University, Australia President of The Institute for the Study of Long-Term Professor Frank S. Ravitch Visiting Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge Economic Trends (ISLET) Professor of Law & Walter H. Stowers Chair in Law University, UK Distinguished Research Professor of Economics, The and Religion, Michigan State University College of Law University of Missouri, Kansas City Professor Don Brash Professor Richard Roth Former Governor of the Reserve Bank, New Zealand Professor Koichi Iwabuchi Senior Associate Dean, Medill School of Journalism, Former Leader of the New National Party, New Professor of Media and Cultural Studies & Director of Northwestern University, Qatar Zealand the Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Australia Adjunct Professor, AUT, New Zealand & La Trobe Professor Monty P. Satiadarma University, Australia Professor Sue Jackson Clinical Psychologist and Lecturer in Psychology & Professor of Lifelong Learning and Gender & Pro-Vice Former Dean of the Department of Psychology and Lord Charles Bruce Master of Teaching and Learning, Birkbeck, University Rector of the University, Tarumanugara University, Lord Lieutenant of Fife of London, UK Indonesia Chairman of the Patrons of the National Galleries of Scotland Professor Sing Kong Lee Mr Mohamed Salaheen Trustee of the Historic Scotland Foundation, UK Director, The National Institute of Education, Director, The United Nations World Food Programme, Singapore Japan & Korea Professor Judith Chapman Professor of Education, Australian Catholic University, Professor Sir Geoffrey Lloyd Mr Lowell Sheppard Australia Senior Scholar in Residence, The Needham Research Asia Pacific Director, HOPE International Visiting Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK Development Agency, Canada/Japan University, UK Fellow and Former Master, Darwin College, University Member of the Order of Australia of Cambridge His Excellency Dr Drago Stambuk Fellow of the British Academy Croatian Ambassador to Brazil, Brazil Professor Chung-Ying Cheng Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawai’i at Professor Keith Miller Professor Mary Stuart Manoa, USA Orthwein Endowed Professor for Lifelong Learning in Vice-Chancellor, The University of Lincoln, UK Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Chinese Philosophy the Science, University of Missouri-St.Louis, USA Professor Gary Swanson Professor Steve Cornwell Professor Kuniko Miyanaga Distinguished Journalist-in-Residence & Mildred S. Professor of English and Interdisciplinary Studies, Director, Human Potential Institute, Japan Hansen Endowed Chair, The University of Northern Osaka Jogakuin University, Osaka, Japan Fellow, Reischauer Institute, Harvard University, USA Colorado, USA Osaka Local Conference Chair Professor Dennis McInerney Professor Jiro Takai Professor Michael A. Cusumano Chair Professor of Educational Psychology and Co- Secretary General of the Asian Association for Social SMR Distinguished Professor of Management Director of the Assessment Research Centre Psychology & Professor of Social Psychology and Engineering Systems, MIT Sloan School of The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong Graduate School of Education and Human Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SAR Development, Nagoya University, Japan USA Professor Ka Ho Joshua Mok Professor Svetlana Ter Minasova Professor Dexter Da Silva Chair Professor of Comparative Policy, Associate Vice- President of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Professor of Educational Psychology, Keisen University, President (External Relations) Area Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University Tokyo, Japan Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong SAR Professor Yozo Yokota Professor Georges Depeyrot Director of the Center for Human Rights Affairs, Japan Professor and Director of Research & Member of the Professor Michiko Nakano Former UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar Board of Trustees Professor of English & Director of the Distance French National Center for Scientific Research Learning Center, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Professor Kensaku Yoshida (CNRS) & L’Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France Professor of English & Director of the Center for the Teaching of Foreign Languages in General Education, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan The Asian Conference on Asian Studies Osaka, Japan 2014 Conference Proceedings 2014 ISSN – 2187-4735 © The International Academic Forum 2014 The International Academic Forum (IAFOR) Sakae 1-16-26-201 Naka Ward, Nagoya, Aichi Japan 460-0008 ww.iafor.org The Asian Conference on Asian Studies 2014 Official Conference Proceedings Table of Contents 0096 The Exclusion of the Bakla in Philippine Contemporary Cinema Mikee Inton p. 1 - 12 0161 Common Songs: A Study of the Saibara Collection and Inquiry into "Fuzoku" Arts in the Heian Court James Scanlon-Canegata p. 13 - 24 0233 The Lonely Island of Queerness: Manifestations of Early Shōwa Homosexuality Discourse in Edogawa Ranpo's Kotō no Oni Veronika Abbasová p. 25 - 34 The Asian Conference on Asian Studies 2014 Official Conference Proceedings The Asian Conference on Asian Studies 2014 Official Conference Proceedings The Exclusion of the Bakla in Philippine Contemporary Cinema Mikee Inton, Lingnan University, Hong Kong The Asian Conference on Asian Studies 2014 Official Conference Proceedings 0096 Abstract This paper explores representations of the bakla (a Filipino gender category that conflates sexual orientation and gender identity through the performance of the four components of effeminacy, cross-dressing, same-sex sexuality, and lower class status) and gay globality (which emphasizes hypermasculinity, desiring sameness, and upper class status) in contemporary Philippine cinema. An analysis of three films makes apparent the subtle exclusion of the more traditional bakla performed by both members of elitist gay cultures (upper class, urban gay men) and heteronormative people. This exclusion can be linked to aspects of social class, normative conceptions of masculinity, and the exercise of male (homo)sexuality. The bakla is often portrayed as a low-income beautician whose economic status denies him entry into urban gay landscapes. Ironically, what little income he has is often shown being spent on sexual dalliances with purportedly straight men. The bakla is also portrayed in manners that resemble western conceptions of transgenderism; cross-dressing and hyperfemininity are part of his standard repertoire – two things which further alienate him from the community at large, which treats his gender-bending as comic relief. This association with feminine aspects codes him as backward and passé, while the hypermasculine gay is considered modern. The root of his social exclusion is perhaps his sexuality, which when directed toward the otherness of the lalake (straight, masculine man) must be policed and controlled through any means necessary, and unequivocally denied when directed toward other gay men. iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org 1 The Asian Conference on Asian Studies 2014 Official Conference Proceedings Introduction In the Philippines, categories of gender and sexuality operate on a sort of typology (Garcia, 2010), reflected in the non-sense childhood rhyme “Girl, Boy, Bakla, Tomboy”, which functions as a local version of sorts to the English play-rhyme, “eeny, meeny, miny, mo”. The Tagalog word for this gender matrix is kasarian, which literally means ‘type’ (Garcia, 2000). In this matrix, the girl (babae) and the boy (lalake) are considered the normative genders, but their sexualities are not restricted to heterosexual sexual acts. Traditionally, they are allowed to transgress heteronormative lines without carrying the burden of being labelled homosexual if they engage in same-sex sexual activities with purported tomboys or baklas, respectively (Garcia, 2010). Bakla is a Tagalog term that conflates the ideas of homosexuality, transgenderism, transvestism, and effeminacy (Manalansan, 2003). “Bakla as a term is specifically denotative of the identity of the effeminate and/or cross-dressing male…” (Garcia, 2009, p. xxi). Bakla itself is a clipped word that combines the Tagalog words for women (babae) and men (lalake). The Filipino concept of the self is rooted in the interior (kalooban) and kabaklaan