University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-7-2010 Life in the Florida Everglades: Bioarchaeology of the Miami One Site Cristina Echazabal University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Echazabal, Cristina, "Life in the Florida Everglades: Bioarchaeology of the Miami One Site" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1624 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Life in the Florida Everglades: Bioarchaeology of the Miami One Site by Cristina Echazabal A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Erin H. Kimmerle, Ph.D. Nancy White, Ph.D. Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 7, 2010 Keywords: mortuary practice, paleodemography, paleopathology, physical anthropology, South Florida © Copyright 2010, Cristina Echazabal Dedication For my parents, Damaris Gonzalez and Alberto R. Echazabal, whose profound love and support give me strength. Los amo. Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the faculty and staff of the University of South Florida Anthropology Department. I would like to thank my advisor, Erin H. Kimmerle, for her guidance and support, and my committee members, Nancy White and Robert Tykot, for their editorial advice throughout this process. The study of the Miami One skeletal collection was made possible by Robert S. Carr and the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc. Funding for my studies was provided by the Diverse Student Success Fellowship. Rod Hale, from the USF Graduate School, provided endless encouragement and was instrumental in ensuring my continued financial support through the fellowship. Funding for lab supplies and materials that I used in the new Bioarchaeology Lab in the USF Anthropology Department was provided in part by Griffin Award Committee of the Florida Archaeological Council, Inc. In addition, I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable contributions of several individuals to my success. Matt and Liotta Dowdy donated their time and resources to provide me with radiographs necessary for this study. Tom Hyre gave up much of his free time to provide me with excellent editorial advice, much needed humor and cheerful cyber-company during many long work nights. Kimmerle’s biological anthropology students were a great source of moral support, academic resources and necessary diversion. Finally, I would like to express my eternal gratitude to my parents, family and friends, who never cease to encourage me and are always there to celebrate my victories and stand by me during my trials. They are my light and my shelter. Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................... ii List of Figures..........................................................................................................v Abstract.................................................................................................................. vi Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................1 Southeast Florida Environment and Culture during the Glades Period .........................................................................................3 South Florida and the Everglades ....................................................4 The Everglades Population ..............................................................7 The Glades Period........................................................................................9 The Material Culture of the Glades People....................................12 External Cultural Influence............................................................13 Habitation Sites and Subsistence Patterns .....................................14 Ceremonial and Mortuary Practice ................................................16 Chapter Two: Environmental Archaeology...........................................................19 Critique of the Ecological Approach .........................................................24 Environmental Archaeology in Ancient Florida........................................27 Chapter Three: Methods and Materials..................................................................31 Miami One (8DA11)..................................................................................31 Previous Archaeological Research: Comparative Sample.........................38 Santa Maria (8DA2132).................................................................38 Brickell Point (8DA12) and the Miami Circle and Icon-Brickell Parcel (8DA98)........................................................42 Brickell Bluff (8DA1082)..............................................................46 Flagami South (8DA1053).............................................................47 Margate-Blount (8BD41)...............................................................48 Windover (8BR248).......................................................................49 Data Collection for the Miami One Research............................................51 Paleodemography.......................................................................................52 Paleopathology...........................................................................................54 Dental Pathology............................................................................55 Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders .............................................57 Degenerative Joint Disease and Osteoarthritis ..............................57 Infectious Disease ..........................................................................58 Trauma ...........................................................................................59 i Mortuary Variability..................................................................................60 Chapter Four: Results ............................................................................................62 Taphonomy ................................................................................................62 Demography...............................................................................................64 Pathology ...................................................................................................70 Infectious Disease ..........................................................................70 Degenerative Joint Disease and Osteoarthritis ..............................73 Trauma ...........................................................................................75 Dental Pathology............................................................................78 Pathology of Comparative Sample ............................................................78 Mortuary Practice in the Comparative Site Sample...................................87 Chapter Five: Discussion .......................................................................................91 Miami One (8DA11)..................................................................................91 Infectious Disease ......................................................................................93 Degenerative Joint Disease and Osteoarthritis ..........................................95 Trauma .......................................................................................................97 Dental Pathology........................................................................................99 Mortuary Practice.....................................................................................100 Chapter Six: Conclusion ......................................................................................105 Bibliography ........................................................................................................110 Appendices...........................................................................................................120 Appendix A: Summaries for each excavation unit in feature 164/500 ..............................................................................121 ii List of Tables Table 1.1: Summary of central and south Florida Contact-period cultures and their geographic locations................................................10 Table 1.2: Archeological periods in south Florida based on radiocarbon dating...............................................................................11 Table 3.1: Site summary of burial data from Miami One and comparative sites..................................................................................32 Table 3.2: Icon Brickell Parcel mortuary summary...............................................44 Table 3.3: Discrete age ranges and their corresponding categories.......................54 Table 3.4: Pathology variables and associated characteristics...............................56 Table 4.1: Adult minimum number of individuals for feature 164........................65 Table 4.2: Demography summary of age by unit of feature 164 ..........................66