Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories An Accounting and Reporting Standard for Cities LEAD AUTHORS Wee Kean Fong World Resources Institute Mary Sotos World Resources Institute Michael Doust C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Seth Schultz C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Ana Marques ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Chang Deng-Beck ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Alex Kovac World Resources Institute Pankaj Bhatia World Resources Institute Brooke Russell C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Emily Morris C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Maryke van Staden ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Yunus Arikan ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Amanda Eichel Bloomberg Philanthropies Jonathan Dickinson Columbia University Rishi Desai Oliver Wyman Dan Hoornweg University of Ontario Institute of Technology ADVISORY COMMITTEE Pankaj Bhatia, Chair World Resources Institute Seth Schultz C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Yunus Arikan ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Stephen Hammer The World Bank Robert Kehew United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) Soraya Smaoun United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Maria Varbeva-Daley British Standards Institution (BSI) Kyra Appleby and Larissa Bulla CDP Alvin Meijia Clean Air Asia Adam Szolyak EU Covenant of Mayors Michael Steinhoff ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA Junichi Fujino Institute for Global Environmental Strategies and National Institute for Environmental Studies (IGES/NIES) Kiyoto Tanabe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Yoshiaki Ichikawa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Jan Corfee-Morlot Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Christophe Nuttall R20 Regions of Climate Action Sergey Kononov United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Matthew Lynch World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Carina Borgström-Hansson World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Jean-Pierre Tabet French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) Farhan Helmy Indonesia Climate Change Center (ICCC) Ragnhild Hammer City of Arendal, Norway Ines Lockhart City of Buenos Aires, Argentina Leah Davis City of London, UK Yuuko Nishida City of Tokyo, Japan Victor Hugo Paramo Mexico City, Mexico Amanda Eichel Bloomberg Philanthropies Shirley Rodrigues Children’s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) Stefan Denig Siemens Table of Contents Foreword 7 Executive Summary 8 PART I: INTRODUCTION AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 1 Introduction 18 2 Accounting and Reporting Principles 24 3 Setting the Inventory Boundary 28 4 Reporting Requirements 34 PART II: CAlcULATION GUIDANCE BY EMISSION SOURCE 5 Overview of Calculating GHG Emissions 46 6 Stationary Energy 54 7 Transportation 70 8 Waste 84 9 Industrial Processes and Product Use 104 10 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use 116 PART III: T RACKING CHANGES AND SETTING GOALS 11 Setting Goals and Tracking Emissions Over Time 136 12 Managing Inventory Quality and Verification 144 AppENDICES A Survey of GHG standards and programs 151 B Inventories for local government operations 157 C Methodology reference 160 Abbreviations 162 Glossary 163 References 165 Recognitions 167 1 Detailed Table of Contents Foreword 7 PART II: CAlcULATION GUIDANCE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 BY EMISSION SOURCE 45 5 OVERVIEW OF CAlcULATING PART I: GHG EMISSIONS 46 INTRODUCTION AND 5.1 Calculation methodology 47 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 17 5.2 Activity data 48 1 INTRODUCTION 18 5.3 Sourcing activity data 48 1.1 Cities and climate change 19 5.4 Emission factors 50 1.2 Purpose of the GPC 20 5.5 Conversion of data to standard units 1.3 Who should use the GPC 20 and CO2 equivalent 50 1.4 Using the GPC 20 5.6 Managing data quality and uncertainty 52 1.5 Relationship to other city protocols 5.7 Verification 53 and standards 21 1.6 How this standard was developed 22 6 STATIONARY ENERGY 54 1.7 Local government operations 23 6.1 Categorizing stationary energy sector emissions by scope 56 2 AccOUNTING AND 6.2 Defining energy source sub-sectors 56 REPORTING PRINCIPLES 24 6.3 Calculating stationary fuel 2.1 Accounting and reporting principles 25 combustion emissions 57 2.2 Notation keys 26 6.4 Calculating fugitive emissions from fuels 65 6.5 Calculating emissions from grid-supplied energy consumption 66 3 SETTING THE INVENTORY BOUNDARY 28 3.1 Geographic boundary 29 3.2 Time period 29 7 TRANSPORTATION 70 3.3 Greenhouse gases 30 7.1 Categorizing transportation emissions 3.4 GHG emission sources 30 by scope 71 3.5 Categorizing emissions by scope 31 7.2 Defining transport modes 72 3.6 Other scope 3 emissions 33 7.3 Calculating on-road 3.7 Boundaries for mitigation goals 33 transportation emissions 73 7.4 Calculating railway transportation emissions 79 4 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 34 7.5 Calculating waterborne 4.1 The scopes and city-induced frameworks 35 navigation emissions 80 4.2 Reporting requirements 38 7.6 Calculating aviation emissions 81 4.3 Reporting recommendations 40 7.7 Calculating off-road 4.4 GPC reporting framework 40 transportation emissions 82 2 Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories Detailed Table of Contents 8 WASTE 84 PART III: 8.1 Categorizing waste TRACKING CHANGES and wastewater emissions 85 AND SETTING GOALS 135 8.2 Defining Solid Waste types 11 SETTING GOALS AND TRACKING and general calculation procedures 87 EMISSIONS OVER TIME 136 8.3 Calculating emissions 11.1 Setting goals and evaluating performance 137 from solid waste disposal 90 11.2 Aligning goals with the inventory boundary 140 8.4 Calculating emissions 11.3 Tracking emissions over time from biological treatment of solid waste 94 and recalculating emissions 141 8.5 Calculating emissions from waste incineration and open burning 94 8.6 Calculating emissions 12 MANAGING INVENTORY QUALITY from wastewater treatment 99 AND VERIFICATION 144 12.1 Managing inventory quality over time 145 12.2 Verification 146 9 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 12.3 Parameters of verification 148 AND PRODUCT USE 104 12.4 Verification process 149 9.1 Categorizing IPPU emissions by scope 105 9.2 Defining industrial processes and product uses 105 AppENDICES 150 9.3 Calculation guidance A Overview of GHG standards and programs 151 for industrial processes 106 B Inventories for local government operations 157 9.4 Calculating product use emissions 112 C Methodology reference 160 10 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY Abbreviations 162 AND OTHER LAND USE 116 Glossary 163 10.1 Categorizing AFOLU emissions by scope 117 10.2 Defining AFOLU activities 117 References 165 10.3 Calculating livestock emissions 118 Recognitions 167 10.4 Calculating land use and land-use change emissions 122 10.5 Calculating emissions from aggregate sources and non-CO emissions sources 2 The term “city” is used throughout this document to refer on land 124 to geographically discernable subnational entities, such as communities, townships, cities, and neighborhoods. In this document, “city” is also used to indicate all levels of subnational jurisdiction as well as local government as legal entities of public administration. 3 List of Tables and Figures TABLES Table 1.1 What parts of the GPC should I read? 21 Table 8.2 Comparing Methane Commitment to First Table 1.2 GPC authors 22 Order Decay method 92 Table 1.3 GPC development process 22 Table 8.3 Biological treatment emission factors 95 Table 2.1 Use of notation keys 27 Table 8.4 Default data for CO2 emission factors for Table 3.1 Sectors and sub-sectors of city incineration and open burning 97 GHG emissions 31 Table 8.5 CH4 emission factors for incineration Table 3.2 Scopes definitions for city inventories 31 of MSW 98 Table 4.1 Inventory city information 40 Table 8.6 Default N2O emission factors for different Table 4.2 GHG Emissions Summary 41 types of waste and management practices 99 Table 4.3 GHG Emissions Report 42 Table 9.1 IPPU Overview 106 Table 4.4(a) Scope 2 emissions based Table 9.2 Example industrial processes on market-based method 44 and product uses 106 Table 4.4(b) Offset credit transactions 44 Table 9.3 Calculating mineral industry emissions 107 Table 4.4(c) Renewable energy production Table 9.4 Calculating chemical industry emissions 110 or investments 44 Table 9.5 Metal industry 111 Table 5.1 Data collection principles 48 Table 9.6 Non-energy product uses of fuels Table 5.2 GWP of major GHG gases 51 and other chemical products 112 Table 5.3 Data quality assessment 53 Table 9.7 Non-energy product emissions 113 Table 6.1 Stationary Energy Overview 57 Table 9.8 Calculating emissions Table 6.2 Definitions of stationary energy from the electronics industry 114 source sub-sectors 58 Table 9.9 Substitutes for ozone depleting substances 115 Table 6.3 Definitions of temporary and permanent Table 10.1 AFOLU Overview 118 workers quarters 60 Table 10.2 Livestock emission sources Table 6.4 Detailed sub-categories of manufacturing and corresponding IPCC references 119 industries and construction sub-sector 61 Table 10.3 Land use categories and Table 6.5 Overview of reporting guidance for corresponding IPCC references 122 off-road transportation activities 62 Table 10.4 Land use categories 124 Table 6.6 Detailed sub-categories of energy Table 10.5 Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions industries sub-sector 63 sources on land 125 Table 6.7 An overview of reporting categorization for Table 11.1 Examples of city goal types waste-to-energy and bioenergy emissions 64 and inventory need 140 Table 6.8 Reporting guidance for energy