Chronology By Hsain Ilahiane/Maroc * 700070007000–7000 –––50005000 BBB...CCC. Capsian civilizationcivilization; emergence of protoproto----MediterraneanMediterranean peoplespeoples, ancestors of the BerbersBerbers. * 600060006000–6000 –––20002000 BBB...CCC. Neolithic period in the Maghreb and the Sahara. * 3300 BBB...CCC. Egyptian archeological records refer to a battle between the army of the Pharaohs and Libyans (called tehenu ). * 1274 BBB...CCC. King Ramses II recruits Libyans to fight the Hittitesites. * 127912791279–1279 –––12131213 BBB...CCC. King Ramses II invites Libyans to settle near Memphis and Libyan domination of Middle EgyptEgypt. * 1000 BBB...CCC. Phoenicians acquire trading posts in Spain and establish ports of call in Sicily, North Africa, and elsewhere in the western Mediterranean. *** 950 BBB...CCC. Sheshonq I, a Libyan, founds the 22nd Egyptian dynasty. * 814 BBB...CCC. Foundation of Carthage by Phoenicians escaping from Tyre with Princess Dido. * 500500500–500 –––400400 BBB...CCC. Formation of Berber KingdomsKingdoms: Mauritania in the west, Massaessyles in the centercenter, and Massyles in the east. * 400400400–400 –––500500 BBB...CCC. Carthage expands into its African hinterlands. * 264264264–264 –––241241 BBB...CCC. First Punic War with RomeRome; Carthaginians occupy Messina. * 239239239–239 –––237237 BBB...CCC. Mathos and Libyans revolt against Carthage and occupy Tunis, Utica, and Bizerte. * 220 BBB...CCC. Syphax is king of the Massaessyles of NumidiaNumidia. * 218218218–218 –––202202 BBB...CCC. Second Punic War * 204 BBB...CCC. Defeat of Syphax; Massinissa encroaches on Cirta and makes it his headquarters. * 174174174–174 –––150150 BBB...CCC. Massinissa, king of the Massyles kingdom. * 150 BBB...CCC. NumidicNumidic----PhoenicianPhoenician war; defeat of Carthage in Zema. * 148 BBB...CCC. Death of Massinissa. * 146 BBB...CCC. Third Punic War; final destruction of CarthageCarthage; beginning of the Roman occupation of North Africa; foundation of Africa Proconsularis. * 116 BBB...CCC. Jugurtha, MassinissaMassinissa’’’’ss grandsongrandson, unites Numidia. * 112112112–112 –––104104 BBB...CCC. Jugurthine War; Jugurtha defies the Romans; he is eventually betrayed by King Bocchus of Mauretania. * 82 BBB...CCC. Hierbas unites Numidia and is ruined by Rome. * 46 BBB...CCC. Defeat of Juba II; Rome annexes Numidia and creates the Roman province of Africa Nova. * 33 BBB...CCC. Death of King Bocchus of Mauritania. * 25 BBB...CCC. Augustus gives Mauritania to Juba II as a client kingdom. *** AAA...DDD. 17. 17–17 –––2424 Revolt of TacfarinasTacfarinas. * 23 Death of Juba II; accession of his son PtolemyPtolemy. * 40 Murder of Ptolemy by Caligula. * 42 Rome creates Mauritania Tingitana in the west anandd Mauritania Caesariensis in the center. * 45 Moor and Numidian revolts. * 100 Christianity enters the Maghreb. * S* SecondS econd century Roman consolidation; spread of oliveolive cultivation and road network; Africans achieve influence in Rome. * 117 Lucius Quitus, a Berber, appoiappointednted to the senatesenate and senior posts by Trajan. * 125 Birth of Apuleius of MadaurosMadauros. * 170 Apuleius writes the Golden Ass ; birth of TertullianTertullian. * 193 Lacius Septimius Severus from Liptis Magna becomes the first African emperor of Rome. * 312 Donatist schism begins. * 340 Rise of the CircumcellionesCircumcelliones; increasing strength of Donatism. ***347*347 Donatists and Circumcelliones unite against Roman power. * 354 Birth of Saint Augustine. * 372372372–372 –––376376 Revolt of Firmus in the Kabyle MountainsMountains, with support from Donatists. * 395 Saint Augustine becomes bishop of HippoHippo. * 396 Revolt of FirmusFirmus’’’’ss brother Gildon, with Donatist support. * 429 Invasion of Africa by the VandalsVandals. * 430 Saint Augustine dies during the siege of Hippo.Hippo. * 533 The fall of the VandalsVandals; reconquest of Africa for the Eastern Empire by Count Belisarius; restoration of Catholic supremacy. * 540 YabdasYabdas’’’’ss revolt in the AuresAures. * 570 Birth of Prophet MuhammadMuhammad. * 596 Berber uprisings against the ByzantinesByzantines. * 642 Arabs occupy CyrenaicaCyrenaica. * 643 Arabs occupy TripoliTripoli, destroy Sabratha, and invade Fezzan and Barqa. * 647 Muslims defeat the Byzantine army at SbeitlaSbeitla; occupation of Tripolitania. * 669 `Uqba Ibn Nafi` seizes Tripolitania and ByzacenaByzacena;Byzacena ;;; foundation of the city of QayrawanQayrawan; Berber resistance by KusaylaKusayla. * 683 `Uqba`Uqba’’’’ss expedition to the Atlantic; he is defeated by KusaylaKusayla, a Berber leader; Arabs retreat temporarily from the Maghreb; death of `Uqba at Tehuda (around Biskra); Kusayla occupies QayrawanQayrawan. * 688 Arab counteroffensive; Kusayla diesdies. * 695 Hassan Ibn Nu`man invades the MaghribMaghrib, captures Carthage, but Arabs armies are defeated by AlAlAl-Al --- KahinaKahina, Berber queen of the Aures. * 701 AlAl----KahinaKahina dies; end of Berber resistance; the Berbers convert to Islam. * 711 Tariq Ibn Ziyad leads the conquest of SpainSpain. * 740 Emergence of Khariji beliefs and practices; developmentdevelopment of the Ibadithe sect. ***744*744 Barghwata establish a Berber state in Tamesna along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. * 748 Salih, prophet and founder of the Barghwata kingdomkingdom, reigns. * 758 Ibadithes occupy QayrawanQayrawan. *** 760 Fall of the Ibadithe imamate in TripoliTripoli. * 765 Ibn Rustum founds the city of TahartTahart, capital of the Rustumid dynasty. * 768 Ibadithe uprising in Africa; Ibadithe exodus to Tahart. * 776 Tahart is capital of the IbadithesIbadithes; Ibn Rustum becomes imam of the Ibadithes. * 786786786–786 –––789789 Idris Ibn `Abd Allah founds the Idrissid dynasty. * 800 Aghlabid dynasty rules TunisiaTunisia. * 807 Idris II founds the city of FesFes. * 827 Aghlabids conquer SicilySicily. * 842 Yunnus declares the Barghwata heresyheresy. * 868 Aghlabids conquer MaltaMalta. * 878 Aghlabids occupy SyracuseSyracuse. * 896 Aghlabids crush Berbers of NafusaNafusa, a Rustumid stronghold in Libya. * 909 Collapse of the Aghlabid and Rustumid dynastiesdynasties ; Tahart Ibadithes find asylum in Sadrata; foundation of an Ibadithe imamate in Jabal Nafusa, Libya. *** 910 Fatimids occupy North AfricaAfrica; `ObeidObeid Allah al Mahdi is recognized as caliphcaliph; he tries to convert Berbers to Shiite Islam; Berber uprisings against the Fatimids. * 927 Foundation of the city of MM’’’’silasilasilasila. * 936 Foundation of the city of `Achir`Achir, capital of the Zirid dynastydynasty. * 960 Bulluggin Ibn Ziri founds the cities of AlgiersAlgiers, MedeaMedea, and MilianaMiliana. * 972 Fatimids leave the Maghrib to Egypt; Zirids taketake overoverover the Maghrib. * 979979979–979 –––989989 Expansion of the Zirid dynasty; Bulluggin invades the Barghwata kingdomkingdom, Fes, and Sijilmassa. * 985 Collapse of the Idrissid dynasty. ***990*990 The Empire of Ghana annexes the Saharan city of AwdaghustAwdaghust. * 1014 Rise of the Hammadid dynastydynasty. * 1050 Banu Hilal Arabs invade the Maghrib. * 105310531053–1053 –––10691069 Almoravids establish control over central MoroMoroccoccocco. * 1059 Almoravids destroy the Barghwata heresy. * 1062 Almoravids found their new capital of MarrakecMarrakech.h. * 1068 Almoravids found BijayaBijaya. * 1070 Almoravids establish control over FesFes. * 107710771077–1077 –––10781078 Almoravids take over TangerTanger; fight the Empire of Ghana and control the trans-Saharan caravan trade; birth of Ibn TumartTumart, the Almohad Mahdi; Bijaya becomesbecomes the capital of the Hammadids dynasty. * 1094 Birth of `Abd Al MuMu’’’’minmin at Tajra (Nedroma). * 1102 Almoravids complete conquest of Islamic SpainSpain.Spain * 1106 Death of Yusuf Ibn TachafinTachafin. * 1116 Ibn Tumart meets `Abd Al MuMu’’’’minmin in MallalaMallala, Algeria, and recruits the future founder of the Almohads dynasty. * 1121 Ibn Tumart is declared the Mahdi of the Almohads and fights the AlmoravidsAlmoravids. * 1129 Almohads besiege MarrakechMarrakech. * 1130 Ibn Tumart diesdies, and leadership passes to `Abd Al MuMuMu’Mu ’’’min.min.min.min. ***1139*113911391139––––11461146 Almohads conquer Fes and MarrakechMarrakech. * 1162 Death of `Abd Al MuMu’’’’min;min; Abu Ya`qub Yusef becomes emiremiremir.emir * 1172 Almohad Empire extends its control from the Atlantic to Tripolitania and from Spain to the western Sahel. * 1229 Foundation of the Hafsids dynasty with Tunis as its capital. * 1235 Rise of the `Abd Al Wadids dynasty in TlemcenTlemcen,Tlemcen then in central North Africa. * 1248 Marinid dynasty establishes control in westernwestern Maghrib and takes over Fes and Marrakech. ***1269*1269 Collapse of the Almohads dynastydynasty. * 1276 Marinids build Fes Al JdidJdid. * 1350 Ibn BattutaBattuta, Berber explorer, visits the Empire of Mali. ***1370*1370 Marinids establish control over TlemcenTlemcen. * 1374 Marinids divided into Fes and Marrakech kingdoms. * 141514151415–1415 –––15141514 Portuguese occupy Ceuta (1415), Tanger (1471), Massat (1488), Safi and Agadir (1508), Azemmour(1513), and Mazagan (1514). * 1492 Christians occupy Granada, and Muslims flee to North Africa. * 1494 Collapse of the Hafsid dynastydynasty. * 1497 Spain occupies MelillaMelilla, Mers El Kebir, OranOranOran,Oran Penon ddd’d’’’AlgerAlgerAlger, CherchellCherchell, DellysDellys, and MostghanamMostghanam. * 1510 Leo Africanus visits Bilad AlAl----SudanSudanSudan, spends time in Timbuktu and Gao. * 1517 Ottomans occupy TlemcenTlemcen. * 151715171517–1517 –––15251525 Sa`diyin establish