http://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzd UNESCO Publishing NESCO, as enshrined in its Constitution, promotes the “free flow United Nations Educational, Scientific and of ideas by word and image”, and has committed itself to enabling Cultural Organization Ua free, open and accessible Internet space as part of promoting comprehensive freedom of expression online and offline. We hope that this publication will provide UNESCO Member States and other stakeholders, national and international, with a useful reference tool. It is our wish that this publication will contribute to bringing stakeholders together for informed debate on approaches that are conducive to privacy protection without compromising freedom of expression. In the coming years, UNESCO will specifically seek to disseminate information about good practices and international collaboration concerning the points of intersection between freedom of expression and privacy. Research on safeguarding the principle of freedom of expression in Internet policy across a range of issues will continue to be part of UNESCO’s normative mandate and technical advice to stakeholders. Jānis Kārkliņš Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, UNESCO AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION GLOBAL SURVEY ON INTERNET PRIVACY Toby Mendel • Andrew Puddephatt • Ben Wagner • Dixie Hawtin • Natalia Torres UNESCO SERIES ON INTERNET FREEDOM Communication and Information Sector INTERNET PRIVACY AND United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization http://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://nczioerhviohvr.drkceozkhttp://bceiufuefufuezgfupezgfiufiugefiugeziuf.efzhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://neufibriubfiurgzfiougreiufgioruegfiurgefiugre.fozkhttp://iejidjijd.dzdhttp://iejidjijd.dzd UNESCO Publishing United Nations Educational, Scientific and FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION Cultural Organization Toby Mendel • Andrew Puddephatt • Ben Wagner • Dixie Hawtin • Natalia Torres FREEDOM OF CONNECTION FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION UNESCO SERIES ON INTERNET FREEDOM The Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Internet William H. Dutton • Anna Dopatka • Michael Hills • Ginette Law • Victoria Nash CoCommunicationmmunication aandnd IInformationnformation Sector UUnitednited NNationsations Educational, Scientific and CCulturalultural OOrganizationrganization INTERNET PRIVACY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION Toby Mendel • Andrew Puddephatt • Ben Wagner • Dixie Hawtin • Natalia Torres UNESCO SERIES ON INTERNET FREEDOM Authors • Andrew Puddephatt, Director, Global Partners & Associates • Toby Mendel, Executive Director, Centre for Law and Democracy • Ben Wagner, Researcher, European University Institute • Dixie Hawtin, Project Manager, Global Partners & Associates • Natalia Torres, Researcher, Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) of the University of Palermo, Argentina Advisory Board • Eduardo Bertoni, Director, Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE), University of Palermo, Argentina • Gamal Eid, Director, Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, Egypt • Sinfah Tunsarawuth, Independent media lawyer, Thailand • Sunil Abraham, Director of Centre for the Internet and Society, India • Grace Githaiga, Independent researcher and Kictanet, Kenya • Joe McNamee, Advocacy Coordinator, European Digital Rights • Katitza Rodriguez, International Rights Director, Electronic Frontier Foundation, United States of America • Cynthia Wong, Attorney, Center for Democracy and Technology, United States of America With special thanks to the following who kindly agreed to be interviewed for this publication: Guo Liang, Yang Wang, Ceren Unal, Ang Peng Hwa, Erick Iriarte Ahon, Katitza Rodriguez, Karen Reilly, Ali G. Ravi, Moez Chackchouk, Primavera de Filippi, Peter Parycek, Robert Bodle, Sameer Padania, Peter Bradwell, Ulrike Höppner, Eduardo Bertoni, Hong Xue, Monique Fanjoy, Abu Bakar Munir, Joe McNamee, Amr Gharbeia, Jamie Horsley, Nepomuceno Malaluan, Cynthia M. Wong, Sinfah Tunsarawuth, Prim Ot van Daalen, Sunil Abraham, and a number of anonymous former employees of large technology companies. Published in 2012 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2012 All rights reserved ISBN 978-92-3-104241-6 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Typeset and printed by UNESCO This publication was first printed thanks to the contribution of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) Printed in France CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 How has the Internet changed the nature of threats to privacy? What are the main threats in the digital age? 12 1.1.1 New types of personal information 14 1.1.2 Collection and location of personal information 14 1.1.3 New capacities for private actors to analyse personal information 15 1.1.4 New capacities for governments to analyse personal information 17 1.1.5 New opportunities for commercial use of personal data 19 2. GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRIVACY PROTECTION ON THE INTERNET 22 2.1 Key issues 22 2.1.1 Challenges and opportunities for maintaining control over personal data online 22 2.1.2 Initiatives to protect privacy and anonymity online 24 2.1.3 The roles and responsibilities of service providers and intermediaries 26 2.2 Specific challenges posed by different applications, communications platforms and business models 29 2.2.1 Cloud computing 29 2.2.2 Search engines 31 2.2.3 Social networks 33 2.2.4 Mobile phones, smartphones and the mobile Internet 35 2.2.5 Unique citizen identifiers and eGovernment initiatives 37 2.3 Threats posed by different mechanisms of surveillance and data collection 39 2.3.1 User identification – unique identifiers, cookies and other forms of user identification 39 2.3.2 Adware, spyware and malware conduct covert data logging and surveillance 40 2.3.3 Deep packet inspection (DPI) 42 2.3.4 Pervasive geo-location technology: an emerging threat to Internet privacy 44 2.3.5 Data processing and facial recognition 45 2.3.6 Internet surveillance technology 47 3. ThE GLOBAL LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT for protectIon of prIvAcy 50 3.1 International protection for privacy and personal data 52 3.1.1 Privacy 52 3.1.2 Data protection 63 3.2 National protection for privacy 74 3.2.1 China 74 3.2.2 India 78 3.2.3 egypt 80 3.2.4 France 81 3.2.5 Argentina 84 3.2.6 Mexico 85 3.2.7 United States of America 87 3.2.8 nigeria 90 3.2.9 South Africa 91 3.3 Corporate initiatives 92 4. ConclUSIonS – InterSectIonS between prIvAcy AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 95 4.1 The impact of poor protection for privacy on freedom of expression 95 4.2 Tensions between freedom of expression and privacy 97 4.2.1 The public interest 98 4.2.2 privacy vs. data protection 101 4.2.3 Scope of protection and jurisdiction 102 4.2.4 court information 103 5. polIcy recoMMendAtIonS 105 5.1 legal and regulatory measures 105 5.1.1 constitutional measures 105 5.1.2 civil law protection 107 5.1.3 criminal law protection 109 5.1.4 data