About the CCRP The C4ISR Cooperative Research Program (CCRP) has the mission of improving DoD’s understanding of the national security implications of the Information Age. Focusing upon improving both the state of the art and the state of the practice of command and control, the CCRP helps DoD take full advantage of the opportunities afforded by emerging technologies. The CCRP pursues a broad program of research and analysis in information superiority, information operations, command and control theory, and associated operational concepts that enable us to leverage shared awareness to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of assigned missions. An important aspect of the CCRP program is its ability to serve as a bridge between the operational, technical, analytical, and educational communities. The CCRP provides leadership for the command and control research community by: n articulating critical research issues; n working to strengthen command and control research infrastructure; n sponsoring a series of workshops and symposia; n serving as a clearing house for command and control related research funding; and n disseminating outreach initiatives that include the CCRP Publication Series. This is a continuation in the series of publications produced by the Center for Advanced Concepts and Technology (ACT), which was created as a skunk works with funding provided by the CCRP under the auspices of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I). This program has demonstrated the importance of having a research program focused on the national security implications of the Information Age. It develops the theoretical foundations to provide DoD with information superiority and highlights the importance of active outreach and dissemination initiatives designed to acquaint senior military personnel and civilians with these emerging issues. The CCRP Publication Series is a key element of this effort. Check our website for the latest CCRP activities and publications. www.dodccrp.org DoD C4ISR Cooperative Research Program ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (C3I) Mr. Arthur L. Money SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE ASD(C3I) & DIRECTOR, RESEARCH AND STRATEGIC PLANNING Dr. David S. Alberts Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. Government agency. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this publication may be quoted or reprinted without further permission, with credit to the DoD C4ISR Cooperative Research Program, Washington, D.C. Courtesy copies of reviews would be appreciated. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Avruch, Kevin. Information campaigns for peace operations / Kevin Avruch, James L. Narel, Pascale Combelles Siegel. p. cm. -- (CCRP publication series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-893723-01-1 1. Peacekeeping forces--United States. 2. Government publicity- -United States. I. Narel, James L. II. Combelles-Siegel, Pascale. III. Title. U270.A97 1999 99-35566 327.1’7--dc21 CIP March 2000 Information Campaigns for Peace Operations Kevin Avruch l James L. Narel l Pascale Combelles Siegel TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................. iii Introduction............................................................. 1 What Is An Information Campaign? .................... 5 Information and Peace Operations ......................... 9 The Role of the Media in Information Campaigns .... 14 The Development of Information Campaigns in Peace Operations..................................................... 20 Bosnia-Herzegovina Information Campaign...... 31 Goals and Methodology ....................................... 31 Background .......................................................... 33 The Information Campaign as of Summer 1998.... 46 External Coordination .......................................... 53 Findings ............................................................... 76 Haiti Information Campaign ............................. 109 Goals and Methodology ..................................... 109 Background ........................................................ 110 i Information Campaign as of Summer 1998 ....... 133 Conclusions: Information and Peace Operations.... 153 Haiti and Bosnia-Herzegovina ........................... 153 Some Principles of Information Campaigns for Peace Operations................................................... 155 Information Campaigns for What?..................... 161 Appendix I: Annotated Bibliography................ A-1 Preface................................................................ A-1 A. Peace Making ................................................ A-2 B. Peace Building............................................... A-5 C. Peace Support ................................................ A-8 D. Remaining ................................................... A-18 Appendix II: List of Attendees at Information Campaign Workshop July 13, 1998 ................ A-49 Appendix III: List of Attendees at Information Campaign Workshop October 8, 1998 ............ A-51 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS he authors extend our thanks to Dr. David S. Alberts, T Director of Research, OASD(C3I) and Executive Agent for the C4ISR Cooperative Research Program (CCRP), for his decision to turn our research into a book. Assisting with field research for chapters 2 and 3 were Ambassador Walter E. Stadtler, director of the Program on Peacekeeping Policy, and Lucy Michiko Diby. Annemarie van Berkel compiled the annotated bibliography. Beth DeGrasse helped sharpen our ideas. Bill Coester made sure the trains ran on time (and the passengers had tickets). Dave Davis first conceived of the project, recognizing the importance of information in peace operations and how little we knew about it. He also wrote the proposal that funded the work. We thank the participants at two workshops held in July and October 1998. The July workshop participants who offered us advice helped make the field trips more productive. Participants at the October workshop provided useful feedback on an earlier draft of the complete report. These individuals are listed in appendices II and III. Kevin Avruch and Pascale Combelles-Siegel acknowledge the support of Alija Dedajic, our Bosnia field director. The entire research team thanks the many individuals, especially in Haiti and Bosnia-Herzegovina, who freely gave us their time and confidences. The authors also express thanks for the support of Dr. Richard E. Hayes, Evidence Based Research, Inc., and his staff, Lynne Jennrich and Margita Rushing for their work on the final layout of the book, and Meg Rittler for her cover design. iii INTRODUCTION ncreasingly in recent years the notions of “information Ioperations” or “information campaigns” have garnered much attention in military and defense circles. The bulk of attention has focused on information as connected to warfighting capabilities, and the idea of “information warfare” has gained easy currency.1 In this context, as Martin Libicki puts it, the basic assumption is that as information and information technologies come to dominate society in general and national security in particular, “advanced conflict will increasingly be characterized by the struggle over information systems.”2 In its broadest sense, this report asks whether the notion of struggles for control over information identifiable in situations of conflict also has relevance for situations of third-party conflict management—for peace operations. More specifically, the study is designed to address the following questions: • Principles—What are the principles of an information campaign for peace operations? How does an information campaign for peace operations differ from more established principles of “information warfare?” • Coordination—How can elements of an information campaign be coordinated to enhance cooperation among the various actors—military and civilian—in peace operations? What are the differences and similarities in approaches to information among the various (including indigenous) actors? 1 2 Information Campaigns for Peace Operations • Metrics—How can we measure the effectiveness or success of the information campaign? Study Design and Methodology In answering these questions, the research team first reviewed the existing literature on information activities in military, peace support, and complex humanitarian emergency operations, summarized in our annotated bibliography (appendix I).3We followed this with a workshop on July 13, 1998, at which our preliminary findings—actually a review of information activities as understood mainly in the military and a set of questions about its relevance to peace operations—were shared with a group from the military, defense, intelligence, U.S. governmental, and NGO communities, whose members have all worked on aspects of peace operations.4 With their feedback, we designed and coordinated the field research component. In late July two teams went to Haiti (Stadtler, Narel, and Diby), and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Avruch and Siegel), to examine information activities as carried on by international participants in the respective peace operations: the military, civilian, governmental, United Nations, other international organizations (such as the OAS in Haiti and the OSCE in Bosnia-Herzegovina), and NGOs. In both places, as well, the teams strove to ask “local folk” (especially including journalists, print and electronic) about