Septuagint Lexicography and Language Change in Greek Judges William A. Ross Fitzwilliam College August 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy 1 Declarations This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted or is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. i Table of Contents Declarations ............................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ ix Editorial Sigla .................................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1 The Textual History of Judges ....................................................................................... 2 1.1 Hebrew..................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Greek ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 Method, Tools, and Terms ........................................................................................... 10 3 The Plan of this Study .................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2 A History of Septuagint Lexicography ................................................................... 15 1 Septuagint Lexicography before the Twentieth Century ............................................. 15 1.1 The Lost Concordance of Euthalius of Rhodes (ca. 1300) .................................... 16 1.2 The Foundational Concordance of C. Kircher (1607) ........................................... 16 1.3 Kircher’s Dependents ............................................................................................ 21 1.4 The Lexicons of J. C. Biel (1779–80) & J. F. Schleusner (1820–21) ................... 28 1.5 Evaluation of the Pre-Twentieth Century Tradition .............................................. 32 2 Septuagint Lexicography in the Twentieth Century and Beyond ................................ 33 2.1 Evaluations of Post-Classical Greek through the Early Twentieth Century ......... 34 2.2 Lexicographical Upheaval: The Discovery of the Documentary Evidence .......... 38 2.3 Developing Views of the Language of the Septuagint through the Mid-Twentieth Century ............................................................................................................................. 39 2.4 The Mid-Twentieth Century Revival of “Jewish Greek” ...................................... 43 2.5 The Formation of the IOSCS and the Lexicographical “Scrum” .......................... 44 3 The Contemporary Context: Two Views, Two Lexicons ............................................ 52 3.1 LEH and Hebrew Priority ...................................................................................... 54 ii 3.2 GELS and Greek Priority ....................................................................................... 60 4 The Way Forward ........................................................................................................ 62 Chapter 3 “Who Shall Go Up First?”: ΠΑΡΑΤΑΞΙΣ and ΠΑΡΑΤΑΣΣΩ .............................. 64 1 The Textual History of Battle Vocabulary in JudgLXX ................................................ 65 1.1 Summary of Translation and Revision Activity .................................................... 74 1.2 The Question of Semantics and Style in JudgLXX .................................................. 75 2 Lexical Semantic Analysis ........................................................................................... 76 2.1 Classical Evidence ................................................................................................. 77 2.2 Post-Classical Evidence ......................................................................................... 84 2.3. Summary .............................................................................................................. 105 3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 107 3.1 The Greek-Priority View and Septuagint Lexicography ..................................... 107 3.2 Battle Vocabulary and Greek Judges ................................................................... 109 3.3 Septuagint Vocabulary and Greek Lexicography ................................................ 110 Chapter 4 “For So the Young Men Used to Do”: ΠΑΙΔΑΡΙΟΝ, ΠΑΙΔΙΟΝ, ΝΕΑΝΙΣΚΟΣ, and ΝΕΑΝΙΑΣ ....................................................................................................................... 111 1 The Textual History of Young Male Vocabulary in JudgLXX .................................... 112 1.1 Summary of Translation and Revision Activity .................................................. 118 1.2 The Question of Semantics in JudgLXX ................................................................ 119 2 Illustrating JudgRv with Post-Classical Nonliterary Greek ........................................ 123 2.1 ΠΑΙΔΑΡΙΟΝ (with comments on ΠΑΙΔΙΟΝ) .................................................... 123 2.2 ΝΕΑΝΙΣΚΟΣ (with comments on ΝΕΑΝΙΑΣ) .................................................. 138 3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 153 3.1 The Greek-Priority View and Septuagint Lexicography ..................................... 153 3.2 Young Male Vocabulary and Greek Judges ......................................................... 154 3.3 Septuagint Vocabulary and Greek Lexicography ................................................ 156 iii Chapter 5 “They Went Up to Meet Them”: ἈΠΑΝΤΑΩ, ἈΠΑΝΤΗΣΙΣ and ΣΥΝΑΝΤΑΩ, ΣΥΝΑΝΤΗΣΙΣ ...................................................................................................................... 158 1 The Textual History of Meeting Vocabulary in JudgLXX ........................................... 160 1.1 Summary of Translation and Revision Activity .................................................. 165 1.2 Broader Issues Related to the Meeting Nominals in Greek Judges ..................... 166 1.3 The Question of Semantics and Style in JudgLXX ................................................ 172 2 Lexical Semantic Analysis ......................................................................................... 173 2.1 ΣΥΝΑΝΤΑΩ and ΣΥΝΑΝΤΗΣΙΣ (JudgRv) ........................................................ 173 2.2 ἈΠΑΝΤΑΩ and ἈΠΑΝΤΗΣΙΣ (JudgOG) ............................................................ 180 2.3 Summary & Comparison ..................................................................................... 193 3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 196 3.1 The Greek-Priority View and Septuagint Lexicography ..................................... 196 3.2 Meeting Vocabulary and Greek Judges ............................................................... 197 3.3 Septuagint Vocabulary and Greek Lexicography ................................................ 200 Chapter 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 201 1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 201 2 Implications................................................................................................................ 205 2.1 Understanding Greek Judges ............................................................................... 205 2.2 Method and Prospects in Septuagint Lexicography ............................................ 207 2.3 Evaluating the Language of the Septuagint ......................................................... 208 Lexicographical Sample Entries ........................................................................................ 210 Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………………...223 iv Acknowledgements I recall reading a book in my first year at Cambridge about how to succeed in a doctoral program. Generally speaking it was a helpful book, I am sure, though I do not recollect much about what it said now. But one of the points of advice that I do remember was the author’s exhortation to immerse oneself in one’s studies