TemaNord 2014:607 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Mushrooms traded as food. Vol II sec. 2 Nordic Risk assessments and background on edible mushrooms, suitable for commercial Mushrooms traded as food. Vol II sec. 2 marketing and background lists. For industry, trade and food inspection. Risk assessments of mushrooms on the four guidance lists Mushrooms recognised as edible have been collected and cultivated for many years. In the Nordic countries, the interest for eating mush- rooms has increased. In order to ensure that Nordic consumers will be supplied with safe and well characterised, edible mushrooms on the market, this publica- tion aims at providing tools for the in-house control of actors produ- cing and trading mushroom products. The report is divided into two volumes: a. Volume I: “Mushrooms traded as food - Nordic questionnaire and guidance list for edible mushrooms suitable for commercial marketing b. Volume II: Background information, with general information in section 1 and in section 2, risk assessments of more than 100 mushroom species All mushrooms on the lists have been risk assessed regarding their safe use as food, in particular focusing on their potential content of bioactive constituents. TemaNord 2014:507 ISBN 978-92-893-2705-3 ISBN 978-92-893-2706-0 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-507 Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) TN2014507 omslag.indd 1 01-07-2014 08:41:28 Mushrooms traded as food. Vol II sec. 2 Nordic risk assessments and background on edible mushrooms, suitable for commercial marketing and background lists for industry, trade and food inspection. Risk assessments of mushrooms on the four guidance lists Jørn Gry and Christer Andersson TemaNord 2014:507 Mushrooms traded as food Vol II sec. 2. Nordic risk assessments and background on edible mushrooms, suitable for commercial marketing and background lists for industry, trade and food inspection. Risk assessments of mushrooms on the four guidance lists Jørn Gry and Christer Andersson ISBN 978-92-893-2705-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-507 TemaNord 2014:507 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2014 Layout: NMR Cover photo: ImageSelect Photo: Jens H. Petersen and Jan Vesterholt, all, except: Amanita caesarea (Bente Fabech); Armillaria borealis (Flemming Rune); Pleurotus citronopileatus and P. djamor (Henning Knudsen), Tuber indicum (Christian Lange) and Volvariella volvacea (Ole Sparre Andersen). This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Contents Introduction to Volume 2, section 2 ............................................................................................. 11 1. Risk analysis and the steps of risk assessment ................................................................. 13 2. Introduction to mushroom risk assessments .................................................................... 17 Lists of mushrooms ..................................................................................................................... 17 Literature used ............................................................................................................................. 18 Photos and structural formulae .............................................................................................. 18 Toxic look-alikes .......................................................................................................................... 19 Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................ 19 Studies and constituents assessed......................................................................................... 20 Habitat and occurrence ............................................................................................................. 21 Edibility ........................................................................................................................................... 21 3. Mushroom risk assessments.................................................................................................... 23 Risk assessment of the mushrooms in the guidance lists 1–4 ..................................... 23 Agaricus abruptibulbus (Peck) Kauffm. s.auct ................................................................... 23 Agaricus arvensis Schaeff........................................................................................................... 24 Agaricus augustus Fr. (A. perrarus Schulzer) ..................................................................... 31 Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (A. hortensis (Cooke) S. Imai, A. brunnescens Peck) ...................................................................................................... 37 Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc. ............................................................................................... 53 Agaricus brunnescens Peck ....................................................................................................... 55 Agaricus campestris L. ................................................................................................................ 56 Agaricus essettei Bon .................................................................................................................. 59 Agaricus excellens (F. H. Møller) F. H. Møller ..................................................................... 59 Agaricus haemorrhoidarius Schulzer s. J. E. Lange ........................................................... 59 Agaricus hortensis (Cooke) S. Imai. ........................................................................................ 60 Agaricus langei (F. H. Møller) F. H. Møller ........................................................................... 60 Agaricus macrosporus (F. H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Pilát non Montagne .................... 60 Agaricus perrarus Schulzer ....................................................................................................... 60 Agaricus species, other not yellowing, e.g. A. langei (F. H. Møller) F. H. Møller (A. haemorrhoidarius Schulzer s. J. E. Lange) and A. sylvaticus Schaeff ........................................................................................................ 61 Agaricus species, other yellowing, e.g. A. essettei Bon (A. abruptibulbus (Peck) Kauffm. s.auct, A. sylvicola (Vittad.) Peck s. str. and A. urinascens (F. H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Singer (A. excellens (F. H. Møller) F. H. Møller, A. macrosporus (F. H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Pilát non Montagne) ...................................................................................... 65 Agaricus sylvaticus Schaeff........................................................................................................ 71 Agaricus sylvicola (Vittad.) Peck s. str. ................................................................................. 71 Agaricus urinascens (F. H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Singer .................................................. 71 Albatrellus ovinus (Schaeff.) Kotl. & Pouzar........................................................................ 72 Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. ............................................................................................... 76 Amanita fulva Fr. .......................................................................................................................... 78 Amanita rubescens Pers. ............................................................................................................ 80 Armillaria borealis Marxm & Korhonen .............................................................................. 84 Armillaria bulbosa (Barla) Velen. s. auct. ............................................................................ 87 Armillaria cepistipes (Velen) X.L. Mao .................................................................................. 88 Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. .................................................................................. 91 Armillaria lutea Gillet (A. gallica Marxm. & Romagn., A. bulbosa (Barla) Velen.s. auct.) .................................................................................................................. 92 Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. (Armillariella mellea (Vahl.) P. Karst.)............ 96 Armillaria obscura (Schaeff.) Horak s. auct. ....................................................................... 99 Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) ((Armillariella ostoyae (Romagn.) Henrink, A. obscura (Schaeff.)