immersed tunnels Table of Contents 5 Opening Speech by Ir.J.W.Tops 6 The Financing of Infrastructure Projects by the World Bank in Developing Countries by S.C.Hardy, C.Eng., B.Eng., FICE, FIStructE. 11 Planning and Organization of River Crossings by Ir.G.Plantema 19 The Economics of Rlver Crossings by Drs.G.R.Otten and GA de Vries 23 The Design of Immersed Tunnels by IrAGlerum 30 General Outlines of the Construction of Immersed Tunnels by Ir.Ch.J.Vos 34 Waterproofing of the Tunnel Structure by Ir.w.Janssen 39 The Floating Transport of the Tunnel Units by Ir.J.H. van Loenen 44 The Immersing of the Tunnel Units by Ir.V.L.Molenaar 48 The Foundation of Immersed Tunnels by Ir.H. van Tongeren 58 Research done by the Tunnelling Section of the Royal lnstitution of Engineers in the Netherlands by Prof.lr.H.P.S. van Lohuizen 62 Survey Immersed Tunnels in the Netherlands This speelal magazine has been compiled by the editorial address: Tunnelling Section of the Royallnstitution of En- Herengracht 507 - P.O.Box 10 gineers in the Netherlands, in co-operation with AMSTERDAM the Editorial Staff of the magazine Cement. The Netherlands Issued on behalf of Delta Tunnelling Symposium (Amsterdam, 16-17 November 1978), organized by Expo Travel and Conferences BV, Rotter- Cover design: 000 Treumann dam. Printing: Koggeschip Offset 2 Delta Tunnelling Symposium Amsterdam, 16-17th November 1978 The purpose of the Delta Tunnelling Symposium is to give delegates an understanding of the problems in choosing between the various types of river and canal crossings (ferry, bridge, tunnel) and, should !he choise be a tunnel, to provide background information on the imrnersed tube method. On 16 November 1978 various speakers will discourse on these subjects on the basis of their own experience. We realize that delegates will not be able to remember everything that is said, nor will this be neoessary in most cases. Nevertheless they may wish to go through certain papers again at their leisure or to pass on information to colleagues who were not able to attend the Symposium. We are grateful that the speakers have been willing to provide written versions of their papers, and we hope this book wil contribute to the sim of the Symposium. Finally, we wantto express our thanks to Mr. P.Kieft for his contribution to the organization of !he symposium and the realization of this magazine. The Board of the Tunnelling SectIon of the Rayal InstitutIon of Engineers in the Netherlands :3 t 4 ~i~~:~~~~era' ofthe National Public Works 0 pen in9 Speec h Department In this way a large group of public bodies and firms have jointly developed something thai Teehniques have been improved in many res- can be used not only in Holland but also in peets since then, as will be evident from the many other countries where land and rivel papers to be given this afternoon. I ahould like traffic have to cross and where the grounc to mention a few features now: the method of consiste of sedimentary deposits as in delts linking the units in such a way as to provide a areas. watertight seal, the omlssion of the waterproof Holland is ready and wiUing to pass on itl lining, the sand flow method tor foundations know-how and to help with similar projects ir and the use of longer units. other countries. Help can be obtained, for in stance, from Nedeco (Netherlands Enginee Holland nas influenced tunnel building in ot- ring Consultants) or Amsterdam Publi~ her countries, where rectangular cross-sec- Works. Nedeco draws on the know-how ar» tion relnforeed concrete immersed tunnels are experience of the Locks and Weirs Division c now also used. These countries include Bel- the National PubIic Works Department an gium, West Germany, Canada, Cuba, France Rotterdam Pubhc Works. Help can also b and Japan. obtaJnedfrom the contractors. who do not onl build but also have their own design offices As I said earlier, this method can be used not This Symposium is being held to show you th only tor road and rail tunnels but also tor pipe- potentialof the immersed tube metbod. Sir line tunnels, tunnels to carry water and so on. king in this case, as you will see, is not Small-diameter tunnels of this kind can be disaster but a deliberate operanon aiming . round in cross-section. though still made of conneet two river- or canal banks. reinforced concrete. The designs of immersed tunnels in Holland were produced by the Rotterdam and Amster- dam municipal authorities and the Locks and Weirs Division of the National PubIic Works Department. Although one would not think so from the name, the Looks and Weirs Divison was responsible tor designing the majority. The development of immersed tunnels - which incidentally is still in progress - nas not been brought about only by the government bodies I have mentioned. Dutch contractors and manufacturers of certain components have also played an important part in develo- ping and perfecting this type of tunnel con- structlon. Representatives of five of the con- tractors wil! speak to you this afternoon, and of the manufacturers I should like to mention one firm - while not in any way detracting trom the achievements of the others - :Vredestein in Loosduinen, who have not only provided ef- fective sealing between the units with their rubber proflies but have also introduced the charrn of more southern climes into hydraulic engineering by giving them the name 'Gina'. Dutch laboratories, some internationally known, have also made an important contribu- tion to this technique: Delft Hydraulics Labera- tory, the Soil Mechanics Laboratory, also in Delft, and the TNO Applied Scientific Re- search Organization. S.C.Hardy, C.Eng., B.Eng., FICE, FIStruetE. World Bank The Financing of Infrastructure Projects by the World Bank in Developing Countries IntroductIon headed by a President who normally serves a that is paid in, 1% Is freeJy usabie for loens, The World Bank is a multinational Institutlon fixed 5-year term; VIce-Presidents and other and the other 9% may ba used for loans with devoted to helping the poorest countrles of the staff serve on regular appointments. The of- the contributing country's consent. The third world realize thelr development goals. After fice of President Is currently fUled by Mr. Ro- souree of funds tor lendlng is the Bank's own careful study of proposed development pro- bert MeNamara who was recently elected to profits, which with the agreement of lts share- jects and development strategles, the Bank his third term. Through an unwrltten Internati- holders, are not paid out In dlvldends but are lends funds· for suitable projects of high eco- onal understanding, the President of the Bank used to help in the development of member nomie prlority. Commitments of funds to deve- has always been an American, while the Pre- countries. • loplng nations now exceed US $ 8,000 million sidency of the International Monetary Fund The Bank's charter spelIs out the basic ru les annually. In the foliowing remarks, I wUI at- nas always gone to a European. which govern its loan operations. The borro- tempt to give you a brief descnptlon of the wing government bears general UabiUty tor World Bank's organlzation and operations, a The Bank is an International corporate organi- toans, and earnlngs from a partleuter project summary of the recent trends in Bank lending, zation controlled by its 131 membarcountries. are not earmarked tor loan repayment. The a review of the typical Bank project cycle from The governments of these countries have de- terms of toans vary, but on the average loans ineeptlon to completion, and an introduction to legated !heir powers to a more effleient deel- have a total term of about 20 years, whîch inclu- some current Innovative Bank studies on con- sion maklng body - a Board of 20 Executive des a grace perlod (or moratorium) of 3 to struetion technology and tender evaluation DIrectors. 5 Executive Directors are appoin- 4 years to enable the project to be completed which may be of interest to you in your parnou- ted singly byeach of the Bank's 51argest sha- before caphal repayments commence. The lar field. reholders, and each of the remalnlng 15 re- lending rate also varies and is set at a level .presents and carrles the voting rights of a related to the rate of borrowing that the Bank HI.tory and Purpoee of the Bank group of countries. Each member country's must pay in the capital commercial market; it The World Bank is now slightly over 30 years voting rlghts Is determined by its share of is flxed, however, tor the Ufeof any partlcular old. It was founded in 1944, along with the stock held In the Bank. toan, The Interest rate on Bank loans in 1978 International Monetary Fund, at a conference A staff of some 5,000, of whlch about half are was about 7'/2%. of the allied nations of World War 11in Bretton professionals such as engineers, economtsts, Woods, New Hampshire, USA. lts original flnancial analysts, agronomists, sociologists, B. IDA purpose was to provide loans tor the recon- etc., is drawn from over 100 different coun- IDA differs from the Bank In lts maln souree of struction and development of the war-torn al- tries, and carry out the decislons made by the funds, qualifications tor borrowers and the lied natlens of postwar Europe. Hence its orl- Executlve DIrectors. The Bank is organized terms of its loans (or 'IDA credits' as they are ginal and tormat name of 'The International Into 6 geographie, reglonal operating depart- sometimes called).